n厂mk厂的手表怎么样(fk厂手表与mk厂哪个好)
来源:Watch手表之家 发布时间:2024-02-15 13:36:151. fk厂手表与mk厂哪个好
中国有句谚语,谦谦君子美如玉。君子如玉,玉亦君子。古人自来有佩戴美玉的习惯。古语有”君子无故,玉不离身“。目的是为了时时警醒自己,认为道德修养和品格和玉石一样。光华内敛,内具坚韧。所以玉石自古以来所受人追捧,价格昂贵。
玉石的概念
玉石,是一种美丽的矿石。也是石头的一种,质细而坚硬,有光泽,略透明,可雕琢成工艺品。
玉石的分类
1、按照产地分类
大致可以分为新疆和田玉、辽宁岫岩玉、陕西蓝田玉、甘肃酒泉玉等。
2、按照质地分类
新疆和田玉一般来说玉质要高于辽宁岫岩玉。白玉要比其他颜色的玉好等。
3、按照颜色分类
玉的颜色并不只限于白色,还有黄玉、青玉、碧玉、墨玉、青白玉等。
4、按照硬度分类
一般可以分为软玉和硬玉两大类。软玉有和田玉和岫玉等,而硬玉一般是指翡翠。
5、按照存世时间分类
一般来说,汉代以前的玉称之为“高古玉”,1911年以前的玉称之为“古玉”,此后的玉称之为“新玉”。
常见玉种介绍
翡翠
翡翠,硬玉,主要产于缅甸,泰国、日本、美国、中国等地都有翡翠原石矿产,但以90%来自缅甸密支那,因内部含有不同的致色离子,所以呈现出各种各样的颜色,比如含铬元素,呈现绿色,称之为翠,含铁元素,呈现红、黄色、褐红等色,称之为翡。硬度一般在6.5到7之间,密度为3.2到3.4,韧性强,仅次于和田玉,一般为玻璃光泽至油脂光泽,不透明、微透明、半透明、透明等。色彩从绿、红、蓝、紫、白、黄、青、黑等。从质地上分有,有玻璃地、冰地、糯种、芙蓉种、白地青、花青、油青、金丝种、豆种、干青种、马牙种等。
在日常评定翡翠时,一般从种、水、色、透明度、洁净度、致密度、棉裂绺花、尺寸、设计工艺等方面来评价。
和田玉
和田玉,软玉,中国四大名玉之首,无论从玉质或者历史文化来说都占据第一位置。以中国新疆和田地区所产的籽料为质地最佳,硬度6到6.5,密度2.8到3.1,韧性在所有玉石中最强,所以不易损坏。光泽一般为玻璃和油脂光泽,从不透明到半透明,颜色变化大,有白、青白、青、黄、绿、黑等,也因此从颜色来分有白玉、青玉、碧玉、黄玉、墨玉、糖玉等种类,从和田玉的产处来分,可分为籽料、山流水、山料、戈壁料。其中以籽料为最珍贵,收藏价值最高。
一般欣赏和田玉时,可以从白度,油份,质地,硬度,韧度,皮色、光泽、亮度、重量、裂绺、设计雕工等方面来考虑。
独山玉
独山玉排在中国四大名玉之二,产自河南南阳独山,独山玉又被称为“东方翡翠”。
独玉质地坚韧致密、细腻柔润,色彩多,颜色有绿、白、红、黄、紫、蓝、黑、酱(薯色)色等,颜色应有尽有,一块独玉上面经常会有两种以上的颜色组成,这也是独玉所独玉的最大特征。硬度6~6.5,与和田玉差不多,密度2.7~3.1,玻璃光泽或者油脂光泽,不透明到半透明。鉴定它是非常容易的事,A、颜色较杂;B、细粒状;C、任何一块玉料或者玉件上一般可以同时见到多种颜色。
欣赏和鉴评它时,一般从颜色、质地、重量、杂质裂纹方面来考虑。目前,独玉以天蓝、白天蓝、透水白、红独玉、芙蓉色、以及以上颜色与酱色俏色为一体的独山玉价格最高,独玉作品中,一般以玉雕在全国最为著名。
岫玉
岫玉产于辽宁岫岩,中国四大名玉之一。
岫玉以蛇纹石为主,颜色有绿、黄绿、白、紫、青、墨等等。硬度为2.5~5.5。密度为5.5~2.8,不透明半透明全透明,光泽为蜡状光泽。
欣赏以及鉴评它时,以颜色、质地、透明度、重量、裂纹杂质等方面衡量。其中最好的岫玉为碧绿或者黄绿色,半透明,质地非常细腻,裂和杂质非常少。因为岫玉在国内总储量丰富,开采量大,所以相对价格也非常低。
绿松石
做为中国的四大名玉之一,绿松石主要产于湖北,古代也称“襄阳甸子”,新疆也有绿松石出品,同时伊朗、埃及、美国、俄罗斯、澳大利亚均有出产。绿松石至所以基本颜色为天蓝或者绿色,主要是其中含有水化的铜铝磷酸盐,硬度为5.5~6,密度2.4~2.9,玻璃或者油脂光泽,不透明,质地还算细腻,韧性差,有蓝色、浅蓝色、蓝绿色、绿色、深蓝色等几种颜色。在它的主体上绿色或者蓝色的基础上,可以看见不规则的白色条纹或者斑块,由石英白色矿物成份组成,当然了,大家看见的黑色纹理或者黑块,这是由铁矿成份组成。
一般绿松石的鉴定非常容易,天蓝、深蓝、绿的主体,不透明,带有不规则的白色或者黑色的条纹或者斑块。在这个外貌特征的基本上,其它玉石相对难和它混淆。而绿松石鉴定唯一难的就是到底是天然的还是人工仿造的,方法就是用小刀划绿松石,因为它的硬度相对也大,所以小刀一般是刻划不动的。
青金石
青金石,主产地阿富汗,俄罗斯产量也多。古时又称为“金碧”,俄罗斯的青金石含有大量的黄铁矿,青就是指这种高贵的天蓝色,而金就是指这种黄金色,所以有青金这一说法,一般来说,青金石色相如天,有纯正和深沉的天蓝色。
青金石,硬度5~6,密度2.7~2.9,颜色以蓝色为主,有白色的斑块,不透明,玻璃和油脂光泽,一般表面有白色的方解石块或者白线或者黄色斑块的黄铁矿。
因为独特的颜色,蓝、白、黄,所以非常容易与其它玉石区别,许多假青金石,以合成的青金石和方钠石居多,手感轻,其中合成的青金石,感觉颜色过于均匀,人造白色或者黄色的斑块,也相对均匀分布于主体,而天然的青金石,颜色不均匀,白、黄斑块大小不一,轮廓也不均匀。天然的青金石在光线照射下可以出现蓝色的光晕。
水晶
水晶,以二氧化硅为主要成分的玉石,古代人称水玉,水精,千年冰等等说法,早在新时期石代已被应用,颜色呢多种多样,变化复杂,半透明,透明,玻璃光泽,硬度大,6.5~7,密度2.6~2.66。以无色水晶、色彩纯正的紫晶或者水胆水晶为珍贵!透明的石英晶体,纯净的呢无色白色,含杂质的颜色不同,分为紫晶、黄晶、烟晶、茶晶等等吧。不同的水晶又有不同的用途功能,比如催财的、增旺的、治病的、放松心情的、幸运的、避邪的等。
关于水晶,有些人造的水晶会比天然的更要贵,比如说施华洛世奇为代表的水晶,这点必须要了解。还有就是玻璃仿水晶的最简单的鉴定方法就是看内部,玻璃仿品虽然干净透明,但可以看出内部有气泡,硬度小,手感轻。
蓝田玉
在日常生活中,蓝田玉见的最多的就是玉雕制品或者工艺品,并且价格不高,质硬脆,容易碎。今天的蓝田玉,出自陕西西安,属于蛇纹石化大理岩玉料,
今天的蓝田玉,以翠绿色彩多,还有淡黄、浅绿等色,也被称为菜玉,形容说就象平时吃的大白菜的菜叶差不多吧,硬度2~6,不透明,密度比水晶还小,手感轻。蛇纹石类的玉,大家见过岫玉,而蓝田玉也是蛇纹石化的大理石,局部和岫玉都差不多,所以手感轻这个是可以理解的。光泽一般以蜡状光泽,这种玉质不透明,玉质颗粒感大和粗,质干短水,如果与同样蛇纹石岫玉相比,无论从外观还是佩戴效果还是质地水头都不如岫玉,所以它没有岫玉贵价格低廉也属于正常现象。
孔雀石
孔雀石因为是铜矿风化的产物,所以世界各国差不多均有产出,著名的就是俄罗斯、智利、澳大利亚、中国等等,一般玻璃光泽,不透明,硬度、密度均小,硬度2~4,密度2~2.4,韧性差,主要颜色绿色、蓝绿色、暗绿色等等,硬度过低,很脆,所以容易碎,也怕碰撞,有人称它为漂亮而脆弱的石头。做为玉石,孔雀石缺少玉石耐久性和坚硬的特点,可能正是这个原因使孔雀石的价格一般不贵。
孔雀石的鉴定一般容易,它的块状一般有葡萄状和同心层状,并且表面有独特的同心环带,同心条纹或者同心块状,所以一般很难用其它的玉石进行仿造或者造假,当然了,因为硬度非常小,所以小刀或者玻璃之类的可以划动这类玉石,而且由于它的内部成分主要是碳酸铜矿,所以遇盐酸就会表面起泡。
玛瑙与红玉髓
关于玛瑙与红玉髓,这样的东西和水晶饰品一样,大家平时见的多。玛瑙、红玉髓、水晶,都属于二氧化硅类玉石,也就是属于玉髓类,人类玉文化历史中最早利用的宝石材料之一,材质非常坚强,所以有人曾经说过在良渚和文山文化时期,当时没有金属比较强的雕玉工具,因此象玛瑙、鲨鱼的牙齿等这类坚强的材料可能是当时雕玉的工具,这也就是后来我们经常说的“他山之石,可以攻玉”的来源。在出土的玉器里,成串的玛瑙珠,做项链用比较多常见。
玛瑙的产地非常多,产量也大,价格低廉,最著名的要属巴西的红玛瑙。印度、中国、美国、俄罗斯等都有出产。一般颜色有红、蓝、紫、透明、白、粉、蓝、灰、褐、黑等等,自古我国就有句有名的俗语“千般玛瑙,万种玉”从这句话就可以看出玛瑙的品种非常繁多,一般为半透明到不透明,硬度6.5~7度,比重2.55~2.91。
寿山石
寿山石因产为福州市的一个寿山村而得名,寿山石玉质软,但颜色多,人们经常用来做印章,从清到现在,也被用来做山子摆件。
寿山石的颜色一般有红、紫、绿、褐、黄、白、黑等。硬度2~3,蜡状光泽,质软,也有“软宝石”一说,一般质地油润或者脂润,不透明到半透明,分为田坑、水坑和山坑三大类。田坑因颜色不同又分为“田黄”、“田白”、“田红”、“田黑”,其中产自福建寿山的田黄有“石中之王”的说法,极为珍贵。
南玉
一般来说,南玉也叫南方玉,主要产自广东的信宜,是岫玉的一个种类,也是蛇纹石玉,因此呢它的质地细腻,硬度低,加工性能良好,常被选作大、中、小型摆件的材料。色泽以浅绿或者淡绿为主,有黄绿、暗绿等颜色,主体玉石上一般兼有黄、白、乳黄、棕黄等颜色,含有美丽的花纹,油脂或者蜡状光泽,不透明到半透明,硬度4~5,硬度低,柔韧性好,非常适合中大型玉件的雕刻,一般经常被做为工艺品远销海外,象日本、新加坡等。
东陵石
和独玉、翡翠都相似的一个玉种,东陵石,也叫东陵玉,主要组成成份二氧化硅,它与玛瑙、水晶、京白玉一样,都属于二氧化硅玉石,石英岩类,这类玉石分布非常广泛,储存量极大,价格非常便宜,一般为低档类的玉石。象这类玉石,只有质地细腻、颜色漂亮多样的才能够做为玉料,一般的只能做为石类欣赏。
东陵石,硬度7,密度大约2.66,手感轻和飘,也被称为“印度玉”或者“印度翡翠”,目前以印度产的东陵石为最多,质地细腻,微透明到半透明,玻琉光泽,河南也有这样的相似的玉石出产,一般我们叫密玉,产自河南的密县。颜色大多均匀,以油绿和深绿、碧绿为主,由于它的价格不贵,绿色均匀,透明度好,所以也有一定的市场,受一些女性朋友的青睐。
米黄玉
一般米黄玉不透明到半透明,粒状结构,硬度约为4.3~4.5,性非常脆,易碎,好的米黄玉质地还算细腻,但平时大家所见的有些肉眼感觉可以看出表面颗粒片状或者粒状,质略粗,时间久了容易崩口,裂,所以准确地说这类玉不能称为玉,只能算是一种石材,因产量大,所以价格不高,往往有卖家称之为黄玉,这里要解释一下。黄玉与米黄玉是二种完全不同的物质,新疆真正的黄玉基本上现在绝迹,是呈黄色或者米黄色的软玉,它的珍贵程度不在羊脂玉之下,甚至比羊脂玉更值钱。
象牙玉
象牙玉,成分硅质炭酸镁,这与平时大家所说的软玉白玉(含水的钙镁硅酸盐是不一样的)白色状,近似象牙,硬度6-6.5度,色泽白,纯正,表面细腻,无颗粒感,象牙光泽,手感沉,从工艺品的角度来看,还是非常不错的。
青海翠
青海翠,也叫乌兰翠,一种可以经常被人误认为是独玉或者是翡翠的玉种。
青海翠或者叫乌兰翠是在1981年青海乌兰所发现在的,一般为不透明到微透明,硬度6~7,密度3.5,致密度差,呈粒状结构,颗粒感强,油脂光泽,一般颜色有白,绿两种,绿的成片太小,呈斑块、斑点、条带分布,如图所示,绿色一般成小点分布在白色中,由于这种玉光泽不佳,颗粒粗,加工性能差,所以只能属于中低档玉材。
青海翠一般在鉴定时被以钙铝榴石类所称。这种制品在鉴定时,碰撞所发的音沙亚闷,不清脆。青海翠玉的的翠绿色主要是铬致色,这个绿色好象是粘在白地或者镶嵌在白地上,与白色地子感觉不是溶为一体,与天然的翡翠并不同,在滤色镜下是容易辨别的,同时这种玉的外观以及内部结构都与翡翠不同,因此只要大家细心观察,是并不难鉴别的。
蜜蜡黄玉石
蜜蜡黄玉石与我们平时所说的和田黄玉是二码事,和田黄玉中的蜜蜡黄那是非常珍贵的玉料,价格不在羊脂白玉之下,比羊脂白玉更稀缺。
这里所说的蜜蜡黄玉石,因为它的颜色如黄色的蜜蜡而来,是由白云石组成的白云岩,80年代,在我国的新疆地区所发现在的。
一般蜜蜡黄玉硬度3.5~4,用平时的刀可以在上面刻划出痕迹,密度2.6~2.9,细粒状结构,不透明到半透明,在抛光后蜡状光泽,外表色泽柔和滋润,有米黄,黄,浅黄等种颜色,因为这种玉石的储存量大,所以市场价格也不太高。
河南西峡玉
西峡玉,主要的成分还是蛇蚊石,硬度3~5,密度2.7,玉质坚韧,还算细腻,不透明到微透明,油脂光泽或玻璃光泽,颜色主要以乳白为主,带有黄、红等颜色的石皮,它的这个黄,有些黄中带褐或者黄中带红的感觉,颜色鲜艳。
卡瓦石
卡瓦石,产地是新疆,但并不是新疆的白玉,和白玉有天壤之别,卡瓦石它的主要成分和蛇纹石差不多,也有人称它为新疆的岫玉,硬度低,质地软,质地粗,密度小,经常有皮色,所以很容易与河田白玉相似,有欺骗性。但鉴定这种卡瓦石却是非常非常简单的。
1、硬度低质地软,所以非常容易用小刀划出痕,有时候稍稍有一定硬度的东东也可以,有一个买家,就用自己的手指甲用力划也可以划的动!
2、因为密度非常小,所以上手非常轻,一个镯子拿在手上,感觉飘,没有沉甸的感觉;
3、实物的表面白色过亮,还干,没有温润的感觉,用肉眼就可以看出它的质地粗,毛孔大。
紫袍玉
紫袍玉平时在玉器市场也可以见到,一般以佛或者观音、12生肖为最多,价格也非常便宜,又称紫玉、彩玉或者紫袍带玉。
这种紫袍玉非常好辨认,一般颜色以紫色为主,伴有白、黄、褐等颜色以带状或者条状相间,颜色呢,平行分布,相对均匀,因为紫色代表吉祥之色,帝王喜欢的颜色,所谓紫气东来就由此说,所以经常被寓为加官进爵,它主要产自贵州,为紫色粘土系列,硬度不次于翡翠,硬度3~3.5,属于宝石玉类的一种。
瑚珀与珊瑚、珊瑚玉
珊瑚实际上是一种珊瑚虫生物的分泌物,琥珀是一种植物树脂经固化而成的有机物,但为什么这二类都被归属于玉石类呢?后来查阅一些资料才得知,历来就是制作玉雕工艺品的重要材料,是中国自古至今传统的玉料一种,从古代起就有非常高的艺术价值,比如象珊瑚,有时候就算不加工不雕刻也可以自然作为工艺品,就是由于它们这些独特的美感和原始的自然形态美,所以才会历来被达官贵人珍视。它们完全符合玉石的特性:美丽、耐久、稀少,从不脱离历史角度和尊重历史事实来说,将他们列为玉石类是完全可以理解的。
珊瑚玉是群体珊瑚,珊瑚死亡后被埋藏,处于还原状态没有腐烂,被土壤中的SiO2取代了,就保存了SiO2的本质,珊瑚的形态。成分主要是二氧化硅了就像以前的树木埋藏在底下形成树化玉一样的原理,形成原理和硅化木树化玉原理是一样的。被SiO2取代了,成分主要是SiO2,只是形态是珊瑚的形态。就跟玛瑙、玉髓、树化玉那些成分是一样的。我觉得就应该比玛瑙、玉髓要有价值些。
木变石
木变石是一种硅化石棉。当岩石中的青石棉矿体遭受酸性热水溶液的交代作用,使青石棉变成了由
SiO2组成的隐晶质石英集合体,但却保留了石棉的纤维状结构,因其外观很似木质而被称为“木变石”。
引用亚洲宝石协会(GIG)研究报告:青石棉硬度为5,密度为3.02~3.42g/cm3。被SiO2交代后,变为木变石,硬度上升为7,密度则下降为2.64~2.71g/cm3,交代不彻底时,其硬度和密度值处于两者之间。木变石常见为棕黄色、棕色及红棕色,也多见蓝色和灰蓝色,此外还可见金黄色、褐紫色及杂色等。质地细腻坚韧,微细纤维状结构非常明显,具强烈的丝绢光泽,猫眼效应显著。这些特点是其它玉石品所没有的,因而很容易与其它玉石种类区分。
虎眼石
木变石与虎睛石,同为石英岩集合体,同是硅化石棉,所以就放在一起说了,和树木相似所以叫木变身,根据纤维排列状况又可分为木变石或者虎眼石(虎睛石)。木变石的颜色褐、灰、黄褐等等,虎眼石(虎睛石)的颜色一般棕黄、黄褐色,硬度6.5,不透明,因上虎眼石在弧面上出现一个平行移动的“眼睛”,形态与颜色象老虎眼睛而得名虎眼石。
金星石
一闪一闪的,象是天上的星星,所以叫金星石,属于二氧化硅石英矿物,硬度6,含有金砂或者铜粉末,起金色反射作用,因此看起来看星星一样,一闪一闪的。市场上常见用来作手链,挂链,图章之类的东东。
萤石
萤石的成分主要是氟化钙,透明到微透明,玻璃光泽,硬度4,按工艺分宝石级和玉石级萤石,颜色有绿、紫、蓝、黄等,硬底低,太软,所以单晶体萤石不适合做宝石材料,可作为欣赏石或者玉雕工艺品的原石。这种石头发的光有荧光和磷光两种,无需外光源补充就能持续发光。能发磷光的夜明珠很稀少珍贵,因此才具有收藏价值。只有用这种萤石经过细致打磨加工后才能制成夜明珠,而一般来说,普通的萤石能发荧光很正常,并不代表这就算是真正的夜明珠,现在市场上就是将这样大众化的萤石球当夜明珠卖。
如何鉴定玉石的好坏
看
可以看玉的色泽,玉石色泽重在均匀,色泽不均匀的价值较低。同时可以看玉的瑕疵,用十倍放大镜观察,如果玉石之中有肉眼不易发现的黑点或瑕疵,越多价值越低。
听
玉石之中容易有断裂、割纹,不易看到,但如果将玉石用细绳挂在空中,再拿金属棒轻轻敲一下,可以听到玉石发出清脆响亮的声音,声音越是清脆则越好。
称
鉴定玉石的好坏,还可以用天平进行称重。天然玉石的比重一般在3.3-3.4之间,人造玉石的比重一般是2.8,根据比重这个数字可以精确判断玉石的好坏。
买玉避坑指南
1、不要轻易听信路边摊、各地古玩地摊商贩、游商的故事,千万别存侥幸捡漏心理。
2、颜色特别艳丽、价格又特别低的玉石,一般都会是坑,因为现在的信息这么发达,如果是好的东西,一般人不会以离谱的价格出手。
3、假货和次货不是一个概念,许多玉石的坑不在于你买到了假货,而在于你花了大价钱买到了其实并不值钱的东西。鉴定证书只能证明一件东西是真货,而不能证明它是好货。
4、买东西最忌讳冲动,有时候买一件东西,都是经不起“升值”、“机会不再”、“买了能传家”这些糖衣炮弹的轰炸而挠头一热买下的。买玉之前,一定要先问问自己是不是实在喜欢得不得了。
5、虽说如果想玩收藏,必要的“学费”是要交的,打眼的情况在所难免,但是自己的钱也是辛辛苦苦赚来的,买的时候不要抱着无所谓的心态,一定要多对比、多看、多学习,每收一件,都必须是有一定意义和特点的,在精不在多。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国有句谚语,谦谦君子美如玉。君子如玉,玉亦君子。古人自来有佩戴美玉的习惯。古语有”君子无故,玉不离身“。目的是为了时时警醒自己,认为道德修养和品格和玉石一样。光华内敛,内具坚韧。所以玉石自古以来所受人追捧,价格昂贵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYccuOwg8sk0UkTWn95dt3a"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉石的概念","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno2QqqmCwWG68ULrlxz4T5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉石,是一种美丽的矿石。也是石头的一种,质细而坚硬,有光泽,略透明,可雕琢成工艺品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwIQYoUWIqiMUaQXKYOaAph"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉石的概念","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/10f481ffdd0b41f6a1eb965d21f1b345","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnUAQycESgWIICeeprKhndNc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉石的分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqMiq2IqcKU4UkJDApfM0Oe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、按照产地分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn82KgoOgQs0oucIz1jK95Vt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大致可以分为新疆和田玉、辽宁岫岩玉、陕西蓝田玉、甘肃酒泉玉等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu8KQiYeq646CWk16lmO6Dh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按照质地分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaS8GgOyMc4OQnb8UikmU2y"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新疆和田玉一般来说玉质要高于辽宁岫岩玉。白玉要比其他颜色的玉好等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2MKAaeeY4aQW4bc3LmDdsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、按照颜色分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm44QKywEaauSKKxK8SGbzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉的颜色并不只限于白色,还有黄玉、青玉、碧玉、墨玉、青白玉等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8OAyQaqIeoKwLRx3NR4Kg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、按照硬度分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCyokcGKCaCgKeGPhI0k6jf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般可以分为软玉和硬玉两大类。软玉有和田玉和岫玉等,而硬玉一般是指翡翠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyqscMSS0IKaoKSh9AkKbXh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、按照存世时间分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqmoOCIg80oc0U5QNr3fBHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般来说,汉代以前的玉称之为“高古玉”,1911年以前的玉称之为“古玉”,此后的玉称之为“新玉”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygkOIs8YmMoymetSkiAYPc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见玉种介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU0mAcwiwsq6eCsuLaDFRJe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEaa6qS4gMAUAiOgs5bEntd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/93ee119999a54ea3b4e05e845e8f014d","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnWue42UqumOWI4yIEJfAhCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠,硬玉,主要产于缅甸,泰国、日本、美国、中国等地都有翡翠原石矿产,但以90%来自缅甸密支那,因内部含有不同的致色离子,所以呈现出各种各样的颜色,比如含铬元素,呈现绿色,称之为翠,含铁元素,呈现红、黄色、褐红等色,称之为翡。硬度一般在6.5到7之间,密度为3.2到3.4,韧性强,仅次于和田玉,一般为玻璃光泽至油脂光泽,不透明、微透明、半透明、透明等。色彩从绿、红、蓝、紫、白、黄、青、黑等。从质地上分有,有玻璃地、冰地、糯种、芙蓉种、白地青、花青、油青、金丝种、豆种、干青种、马牙种等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoemu04QmSuEq4q25YyvVEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在日常评定翡翠时,一般从种、水、色、透明度、洁净度、致密度、棉裂绺花、尺寸、设计工艺等方面来评价。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyAIA0gmusA6OWCWpnwb04f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"和田玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6Eiyms6UY6sYEE2shvdBcb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":557,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"和田玉","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ab47f511c4db4b2181dff274c2d14ec0","width":836},"text":"","id":"doxcnMc8OgM8WCqUiMB2dDoQR7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"和田玉,软玉,中国四大名玉之首,无论从玉质或者历史文化来说都占据第一位置。以中国新疆和田地区所产的籽料为质地最佳,硬度6到6.5,密度2.8到3.1,韧性在所有玉石中最强,所以不易损坏。光泽一般为玻璃和油脂光泽,从不透明到半透明,颜色变化大,有白、青白、青、黄、绿、黑等,也因此从颜色来分有白玉、青玉、碧玉、黄玉、墨玉、糖玉等种类,从和田玉的产处来分,可分为籽料、山流水、山料、戈壁料。其中以籽料为最珍贵,收藏价值最高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneqeSSIWoeu4yGgh2fcyznf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般欣赏和田玉时,可以从白度,油份,质地,硬度,韧度,皮色、光泽、亮度、重量、裂绺、设计雕工等方面来考虑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc88wmuOoeQoyWkFJX6bfud"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"独山玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQICGEgWo2Si802i1MKZ5Re"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"独山玉","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c440d6f8140b471087069baae2d8dad4","width":675},"text":"","id":"doxcnu4iOeoEUOM4MeuEclUx7yc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"独山玉排在中国四大名玉之二,产自河南南阳独山,独山玉又被称为“东方翡翠”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGEqWSqoMqqEIaei7V4opEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"独玉质地坚韧致密、细腻柔润,色彩多,颜色有绿、白、红、黄、紫、蓝、黑、酱(薯色)色等,颜色应有尽有,一块独玉上面经常会有两种以上的颜色组成,这也是独玉所独玉的最大特征。硬度6~6.5,与和田玉差不多,密度2.7~3.1,玻璃光泽或者油脂光泽,不透明到半透明。鉴定它是非常容易的事,A、颜色较杂;B、细粒状;C、任何一块玉料或者玉件上一般可以同时见到多种颜色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuyCecCg0K0aSoeWkaLSg88"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏和鉴评它时,一般从颜色、质地、重量、杂质裂纹方面来考虑。目前,独玉以天蓝、白天蓝、透水白、红独玉、芙蓉色、以及以上颜色与酱色俏色为一体的独山玉价格最高,独玉作品中,一般以玉雕在全国最为著名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYa20EaEuquUES0XZeiXV9d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"岫玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0i2AaQA6UmiuKKv1AjR51e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":490,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"岫玉","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9c854ead466842eb9782883fd9566e1d","width":735},"text":"","id":"doxcnYCMco8k6q2gSO0USgZnp1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"岫玉产于辽宁岫岩,中国四大名玉之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMu0mkQUEIAm064XCJoY0yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"岫玉以蛇纹石为主,颜色有绿、黄绿、白、紫、青、墨等等。硬度为2.5~5.5。密度为5.5~2.8,不透明半透明全透明,光泽为蜡状光泽。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniiCO0wwsqSc6KgMCJk8LXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏以及鉴评它时,以颜色、质地、透明度、重量、裂纹杂质等方面衡量。其中最好的岫玉为碧绿或者黄绿色,半透明,质地非常细腻,裂和杂质非常少。因为岫玉在国内总储量丰富,开采量大,所以相对价格也非常低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYqieu4S00C6MjRqkN8VVf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绿松石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK6kiKkEgs4miCs0N9jDZpg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":483,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绿松石","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/356b61ecec8a4d7fbc139feb4acddea6","width":725},"text":"","id":"doxcnKy4EeGAYySgg6fMJdYe7Te"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做为中国的四大名玉之一,绿松石主要产于湖北,古代也称“襄阳甸子”,新疆也有绿松石出品,同时伊朗、埃及、美国、俄罗斯、澳大利亚均有出产。绿松石至所以基本颜色为天蓝或者绿色,主要是其中含有水化的铜铝磷酸盐,硬度为5.5~6,密度2.4~2.9,玻璃或者油脂光泽,不透明,质地还算细腻,韧性差,有蓝色、浅蓝色、蓝绿色、绿色、深蓝色等几种颜色。在它的主体上绿色或者蓝色的基础上,可以看见不规则的白色条纹或者斑块,由石英白色矿物成份组成,当然了,大家看见的黑色纹理或者黑块,这是由铁矿成份组成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyIWS8yw0iCgwUNETOudmhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般绿松石的鉴定非常容易,天蓝、深蓝、绿的主体,不透明,带有不规则的白色或者黑色的条纹或者斑块。在这个外貌特征的基本上,其它玉石相对难和它混淆。而绿松石鉴定唯一难的就是到底是天然的还是人工仿造的,方法就是用小刀划绿松石,因为它的硬度相对也大,所以小刀一般是刻划不动的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnseMSyM6qEkYuI77fc4gnyf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"青金石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaMKeIWoWOm4GeU09ac92zb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":507,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"青金石","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0257b66349e149f6b85d1ca1a272e47f","width":761},"text":"","id":"doxcn0qu6SCMWc8GGZjUTQIEnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"青金石,主产地阿富汗,俄罗斯产量也多。古时又称为“金碧”,俄罗斯的青金石含有大量的黄铁矿,青就是指这种高贵的天蓝色,而金就是指这种黄金色,所以有青金这一说法,一般来说,青金石色相如天,有纯正和深沉的天蓝色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoyEEQG86oOi0Yh9CmLjw7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"青金石,硬度5~6,密度2.7~2.9,颜色以蓝色为主,有白色的斑块,不透明,玻璃和油脂光泽,一般表面有白色的方解石块或者白线或者黄色斑块的黄铁矿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIyGkWkCYU2u4qa4sWcMkze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为独特的颜色,蓝、白、黄,所以非常容易与其它玉石区别,许多假青金石,以合成的青金石和方钠石居多,手感轻,其中合成的青金石,感觉颜色过于均匀,人造白色或者黄色的斑块,也相对均匀分布于主体,而天然的青金石,颜色不均匀,白、黄斑块大小不一,轮廓也不均匀。天然的青金石在光线照射下可以出现蓝色的光晕。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWqQCKaSAwM0gwpIuQrTsSf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水晶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAKYEC4k4KWcs8GfjgI9YDb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":475,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水晶","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/916b7c36347e4e879fbdd1a4c586a2aa","width":712},"text":"","id":"doxcnoqWAukWOAG8eQ5OZIHXgxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水晶,以二氧化硅为主要成分的玉石,古代人称水玉,水精,千年冰等等说法,早在新时期石代已被应用,颜色呢多种多样,变化复杂,半透明,透明,玻璃光泽,硬度大,6.5~7,密度2.6~2.66。以无色水晶、色彩纯正的紫晶或者水胆水晶为珍贵!透明的石英晶体,纯净的呢无色白色,含杂质的颜色不同,分为紫晶、黄晶、烟晶、茶晶等等吧。不同的水晶又有不同的用途功能,比如催财的、增旺的、治病的、放松心情的、幸运的、避邪的等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQaAyCmWIeA0GScCPyWZqhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于水晶,有些人造的水晶会比天然的更要贵,比如说施华洛世奇为代表的水晶,这点必须要了解。还有就是玻璃仿水晶的最简单的鉴定方法就是看内部,玻璃仿品虽然干净透明,但可以看出内部有气泡,硬度小,手感轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQIOseOw4WsgqAxV6vpon9d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蓝田玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOc8UkMWGKA6y8IN3NkTgrb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":456,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"蓝田玉","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a7efba6449fb44ebb1b6c207137ba3b1","width":684},"text":"","id":"doxcnmUMkSQw4MsmQE1T7YYEpsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在日常生活中,蓝田玉见的最多的就是玉雕制品或者工艺品,并且价格不高,质硬脆,容易碎。今天的蓝田玉,出自陕西西安,属于蛇纹石化大理岩玉料,","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwIKKYyeW4KkWWUCmGTy6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"今天的蓝田玉,以翠绿色彩多,还有淡黄、浅绿等色,也被称为菜玉,形容说就象平时吃的大白菜的菜叶差不多吧,硬度2~6,不透明,密度比水晶还小,手感轻。蛇纹石类的玉,大家见过岫玉,而蓝田玉也是蛇纹石化的大理石,局部和岫玉都差不多,所以手感轻这个是可以理解的。光泽一般以蜡状光泽,这种玉质不透明,玉质颗粒感大和粗,质干短水,如果与同样蛇纹石岫玉相比,无论从外观还是佩戴效果还是质地水头都不如岫玉,所以它没有岫玉贵价格低廉也属于正常现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIKKwEsi62SeWgV6DtiONsf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"孔雀石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkm0kWEcgmuG0s90EoC37qe"},{"type":"ima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,"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7f9784eff4f948d4aa50d3bfa229653b","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcn2Es440kKumKCehkuGbUIrU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"象牙玉,成分硅质炭酸镁,这与平时大家所说的软玉白玉(含水的钙镁硅酸盐是不一样的)白色状,近似象牙,硬度6-6.5度,色泽白,纯正,表面细腻,无颗粒感,象牙光泽,手感沉,从工艺品的角度来看,还是非常不错的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEmkc8KUUeC4Qc3vgIJmBzd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"青海翠","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4Msmq8q8KYs6sv4bEp9Fcf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"青海翠","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c928af4b0bdf4c86a8e8429cdbb9bf3b","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnyCyGoGC8QOqwILs2EX0U6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"青海翠,也叫乌兰翠,一种可以经常被人误认为是独玉或者是翡翠的玉种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniEIWosOUuKKYkFb4lyztSf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"青海翠或者叫乌兰翠是在1981年青海乌兰所发现在的,一般为不透明到微透明,硬度6~7,密度3.5,致密度差,呈粒状结构,颗粒感强,油脂光泽,一般颜色有白,绿两种,绿的成片太小,呈斑块、斑点、条带分布,如图所示,绿色一般成小点分布在白色中,由于这种玉光泽不佳,颗粒粗,加工性能差,所以只能属于中低档玉材。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnISkQKIwqqQEiyij7FKbd3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"青海翠一般在鉴定时被以钙铝榴石类所称。这种制品在鉴定时,碰撞所发的音沙亚闷,不清脆。青海翠玉的的翠绿色主要是铬致色,这个绿色好象是粘在白地或者镶嵌在白地上,与白色地子感觉不是溶为一体,与天然的翡翠并不同,在滤色镜下是容易辨别的,同时这种玉的外观以及内部结构都与翡翠不同,因此只要大家细心观察,是并不难鉴别的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny2w4umUiE2qW0u9Lobum6b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蜜蜡黄玉石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngwS8AgIOQ6ikIDQnCcPRYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"蜜蜡黄玉石","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9625c203d94f4c5e941f5c2f4cf1880a","width":828},"text":"","id":"doxcno62CSYEwCkgiUTjtMohtnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蜜蜡黄玉石与我们平时所说的和田黄玉是二码事,和田黄玉中的蜜蜡黄那是非常珍贵的玉料,价格不在羊脂白玉之下,比羊脂白玉更稀缺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMeGgsMiUCkuq0opkqxVDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里所说的蜜蜡黄玉石,因为它的颜色如黄色的蜜蜡而来,是由白云石组成的白云岩,80年代,在我国的新疆地区所发现在的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuwec6yqW2qWyErhZDywPVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般蜜蜡黄玉硬度3.5~4,用平时的刀可以在上面刻划出痕迹,密度2.6~2.9,细粒状结构,不透明到半透明,在抛光后蜡状光泽,外表色泽柔和滋润,有米黄,黄,浅黄等种颜色,因为这种玉石的储存量大,所以市场价格也不太高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86oEsUQokckOe8Ho6wtZdC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"河南西峡玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAogeGYou6QGuwH2g7ji6Yb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":457,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"河南西峡玉","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/91c428f7f08e4f4b999626c82f257a34","width":686},"text":"","id":"doxcn8OAmC0EigC4AaxBCn0qt5o"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"西峡玉,主要的成分还是蛇蚊石,硬度3~5,密度2.7,玉质坚韧,还算细腻,不透明到微透明,油脂光泽或玻璃光泽,颜色主要以乳白为主,带有黄、红等颜色的石皮,它的这个黄,有些黄中带褐或者黄中带红的感觉,颜色鲜艳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoYIqwEwckaKmiWwJKlIrRb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"卡瓦石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYQkGQkAEym4MfgrT5kg0b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"卡瓦石","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58a0a188da444974b3978af311676bd2","width":731},"text":"","id":"doxcneGYAe44qQM4ogfNa9WiJ6O"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"卡瓦石,产地是新疆,但并不是新疆的白玉,和白玉有天壤之别,卡瓦石它的主要成分和蛇纹石差不多,也有人称它为新疆的岫玉,硬度低,质地软,质地粗,密度小,经常有皮色,所以很容易与河田白玉相似,有欺骗性。但鉴定这种卡瓦石却是非常非常简单的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsY4EyWA0ekOuYOU28vQfib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、硬度低质地软,所以非常容易用小刀划出痕,有时候稍稍有一定硬度的东东也可以,有一个买家,就用自己的手指甲用力划也可以划的动!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWe0Q0O4gkYIERkul6rftI4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、因为密度非常小,所以上手非常轻,一个镯子拿在手上,感觉飘,没有沉甸的感觉;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaG6KY0iwGqgKetzIfTYkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、实物的表面白色过亮,还干,没有温润的感觉,用肉眼就可以看出它的质地粗,毛孔大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAG6CkEYUSUeoC6Oc7OMEZe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"紫袍玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGMaac2q06CwqCsmdYFpfwf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":530,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"紫袍玉","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d3a2a4a2a23d4a3eb29c455d96ebc973","width":795},"text":"","id":"doxcnewUUYqqcSO6UMndMrCrOcd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"紫袍玉平时在玉器市场也可以见到,一般以佛或者观音、12生肖为最多,价格也非常便宜,又称紫玉、彩玉或者紫袍带玉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIees8s0gqS0gkBjhMY3Wgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种紫袍玉非常好辨认,一般颜色以紫色为主,伴有白、黄、褐等颜色以带状或者条状相间,颜色呢,平行分布,相对均匀,因为紫色代表吉祥之色,帝王喜欢的颜色,所谓紫气东来就由此说,所以经常被寓为加官进爵,它主要产自贵州,为紫色粘土系列,硬度不次于翡翠,硬度3~3.5,属于宝石玉类的一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqKwMAgyigsSC4DG2KSTyYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"瑚珀与珊瑚、珊瑚玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgU2CKOakQKqym42e3ytRh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"瑚珀与珊瑚、珊瑚玉","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c1d0742416a04100898197e2cb5aad87","width":750},"text":"","id":"doxcny0qacmYwiiAcotu7UPne4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"珊瑚实际上是一种珊瑚虫生物的分泌物,琥珀是一种植物树脂经固化而成的有机物,但为什么这二类都被归属于玉石类呢?后来查阅一些资料才得知,历来就是制作玉雕工艺品的重要材料,是中国自古至今传统的玉料一种,从古代起就有非常高的艺术价值,比如象珊瑚,有时候就算不加工不雕刻也可以自然作为工艺品,就是由于它们这些独特的美感和原始的自然形态美,所以才会历来被达官贵人珍视。它们完全符合玉石的特性:美丽、耐久、稀少,从不脱离历史角度和尊重历史事实来说,将他们列为玉石类是完全可以理解的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCI6GOw2GQaKoktP7la7Qxh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"瑚珀与珊瑚、珊瑚玉","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1a686f71492e4310958371830ef5044d","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnweUEokyO42iCMjRi31LFdc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"珊瑚玉是群体珊瑚,珊瑚死亡后被埋藏,处于还原状态没有腐烂,被土壤中的SiO2取代了,就保存了SiO2的本质,珊瑚的形态。成分主要是二氧化硅了就像以前的树木埋藏在底下形成树化玉一样的原理,形成原理和硅化木树化玉原理是一样的。被SiO2取代了,成分主要是SiO2,只是形态是珊瑚的形态。就跟玛瑙、玉髓、树化玉那些成分是一样的。我觉得就应该比玛瑙、玉髓要有价值些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqmKgGWC6OUS8YFbPtanUIf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"木变石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncewWYYIsS2WUcbCznIYEQd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":452,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"木变石","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20aed1d8db8946c38bb14d4df16749fd","width":678},"text":"","id":"doxcne6QIOAo00sAweEMqNRSsRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木变石是一种硅化石棉。当岩石中的青石棉矿体遭受酸性热水溶液的交代作用,使青石棉变成了由","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMgUIYcgGicEYMtmwQxlFUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"SiO2组成的隐晶质石英集合体,但却保留了石棉的纤维状结构,因其外观很似木质而被称为“木变石”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWIyUEeaGeawqC5MAuffIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"引用亚洲宝石协会(GIG)研究报告:青石棉硬度为5,密度为3.02~3.42g/cm3。被SiO2交代后,变为木变石,硬度上升为7,密度则下降为2.64~2.71g/cm3,交代不彻底时,其硬度和密度值处于两者之间。木变石常见为棕黄色、棕色及红棕色,也多见蓝色和灰蓝色,此外还可见金黄色、褐紫色及杂色等。质地细腻坚韧,微细纤维状结构非常明显,具强烈的丝绢光泽,猫眼效应显著。这些特点是其它玉石品所没有的,因而很容易与其它玉石种类区分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KCGGmoecOaUeIyXm3gNHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"虎眼石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMmkA2yGmeiSgiKwBESRqtd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":462,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"虎眼石","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7d917049f014623ad07436b441891af","width":693},"text":"","id":"doxcnA2OCCgOWa2Wk4dzjRrZl4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木变石与虎睛石,同为石英岩集合体,同是硅化石棉,所以就放在一起说了,和树木相似所以叫木变身,根据纤维排列状况又可分为木变石或者虎眼石(虎睛石)。木变石的颜色褐、灰、黄褐等等,虎眼石(虎睛石)的颜色一般棕黄、黄褐色,硬度6.5,不透明,因上虎眼石在弧面上出现一个平行移动的“眼睛”,形态与颜色象老虎眼睛而得名虎眼石。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsQSyO2sku08GqQ3drUdQ0c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"金星石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWUwGi06ImU2Ikvo1uSrHef"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":452,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"金星石","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d652d6981748408d8e1cfadfb5a183ac","width":678},"text":"","id":"doxcnUMekE8a8WEAAYrHpjuVxMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一闪一闪的,象是天上的星星,所以叫金星石,属于二氧化硅石英矿物,硬度6,含有金砂或者铜粉末,起金色反射作用,因此看起来看星星一样,一闪一闪的。市场上常见用来作手链,挂链,图章之类的东东。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4qOEmUSUeEwie6c3MidUQf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"萤石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYm8sssc6cEGCuA0mCmPfvg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"萤石","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa2924fe1fa84e4badadc31381f61e01","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnCgqikIu8mkEGQLS2vRwL4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萤石的成分主要是氟化钙,透明到微透明,玻璃光泽,硬度4,按工艺分宝石级和玉石级萤石,颜色有绿、紫、蓝、黄等,硬底低,太软,所以单晶体萤石不适合做宝石材料,可作为欣赏石或者玉雕工艺品的原石。这种石头发的光有荧光和磷光两种,无需外光源补充就能持续发光。能发磷光的夜明珠很稀少珍贵,因此才具有收藏价值。只有用这种萤石经过细致打磨加工后才能制成夜明珠,而一般来说,普通的萤石能发荧光很正常,并不代表这就算是真正的夜明珠,现在市场上就是将这样大众化的萤石球当夜明珠卖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6CI6SOwUG6UW6USmnn8dfh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何鉴定玉石的好坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEqW6qE2kiAsE6lZUh4ppme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"看","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY2ok4Uaem0GyOeAtgu9Rbe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":576,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"看","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6c6dc0dda5224a5f999f4369fe9591b1","width":864},"text":"","id":"doxcnw4MA4eSiwWiWApH1wt0N6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以看玉的色泽,玉石色泽重在均匀,色泽不均匀的价值较低。同时可以看玉的瑕疵,用十倍放大镜观察,如果玉石之中有肉眼不易发现的黑点或瑕疵,越多价值越低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwoiAmAIoUYoaW2pgHRS3lb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"听","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGk0e6qkwaMoa4IP3MqfMwd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":365,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"听","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76520ec47cee4af6b427be2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mk手表咋样
玫瑰金的女士的手表非常的好看哦,因为玫瑰金已经是一种金属里边女士喜欢的一种颜色,然后就是那种粉色的那种颜色,适合女性朋友戴,好的,玫瑰金手表他的出来,我非常的好,而且是款式也是非常的新颖,女性朋友们带起来非常的有自己的气质 很漂亮
3. 手表zf厂,mk厂都是啥意思
家里要购买洗衣机的话,就要注意做好保养工作,避免洗衣机出现故障,影响了使用。洗衣机在使用中出现故障要及时查找原因并进行维修。市面上常见的洗衣机(海尔,美的等品牌)。
洗衣机零件介绍
电机和电容
电机是发动力,可驱动渡轮完成衣服的洗涤和脱水。电容一般洗衣机是用单项电容起动式,主要作用是增大电动机的启动力矩。
程序控制器
简称程控器,是控制洗衣机系统的中心部件,整个洗衣机的操作都是由程控器来支配的,它的结构较为复杂,有机械式(电机式)和电脑式(电子式)之分。
水位开关
为控制水量,还设计水位开关。水位开关一般有3-4档,使用时可按衣服量选择水位,当达到指定水位时,水位开关会将电磁进水阀的电路切断,从而停止进水。之后,在通过程控器,将电机电路接通,开始洗涤工作。
安全开关
它主要是起到安全保障的作用,当洗衣机的盖子被打开,洗衣机就会停止脱水工作,会把电源切断,还会把电磁铁的电路处在刹车状态,这样保证了使用的安全性。
电磁进水阀
电磁进水阀位于洗衣机上罩的后部,是为洗衣机进水的自动控制系统而设计的。当需要进水时,程控器将它的电路接通,可以打开进水通道,向洗衣机内注水。
排水电磁铁
与排水阀连接在一起,用于排水阀开启和关闭,主要作用是通过刹车带抱紧或放松脱水轴,完成脱水准备和刹车工作。
洗衣机故障
通过洗衣机不同的情况表现,甄别出具体的故障点出在什么地方。判断出洗衣机故障后,在对症下药,具体对应故障如下:
不进水
1、进水阀线圈短路引起线圈骨架变形,使铁芯始终封闭泄压孔,引起进水阀不进水;
2、铁芯弹簧生锈,使铁芯不能上、下移动,始终封闭泄压孔,引起进水阀不进水;
3、泄压孔被堵(如沙子、异物等),使控制腔内水无法流出,于是控制腔内的静压力迅速升。
脱水无力
1、皮带松弛,磨损拉长,使皮带运转打滑无法带动脱水桶运转,引起脱水无力;
2、离合器方线扭簧磨损直径变大生锈,使方线扭簧无法抱紧脱水轴带动脱水桶正常运转,引起脱水无力。
电容损坏
电容损坏一般会易引起洗涤,脱水无力,电机不转动
离合器损坏
洗衣机出现脱水声音大,脱水无力,只能单向反转,不能正转,离合器抱簧坏的情况出现。当衣服少的情况下机器能够保证有一个比较高的初速度使得机器尽快高速旋转起来。而衣服多了以后机器没法产生一个较高的初速度从而使得洗衣桶摆动变大。
控制板损坏
洗衣机控制板损坏会出现电机无法转动,不脱水和不进水等故障。
排水电机损坏
排水电机正常值应为4.5~5.1kΩ。洗衣机甩干桶电机的阻值一般是主绕组为65到95欧。副绕组为110到200欧。洗衣机的额定电压是200V,即洗衣机在电压时220V才能正常工作,洗衣机的洗涤时的额定功率是360W,即洗衣机在220V时,洗涤的功率是360W,洗衣机的最大工作电流为5A。洗衣机主要是在水位开关与电磁进水阀之间的调控进行进水跟排水的的,在一定的情况下,排水跟排水以及电机开关,可以实现自动化的控制,水位开关说白了就是一个压力开关而已。然后洗衣机的气室入口与洗衣机的衣桶是相互连接的。具体阻值还得依机型来定,详情请看洗衣机说明书。选用电阻时常有阻值选择的问题,往往遇到选用的阻值是不常用电阻,或特殊阻值很难制造的贴片、插件电阻。
皮带松
造成洗衣机皮带松掉的主要是以下原因:1、皮带受潮。2、皮带使用时间过长导致受损。
放水异常
1、进水电磁阀损坏,造成水阀不工作水无法进入管路。
2、进水电磁阀连接线断,使电磁阀无驱动电压而不工作最终水无法进入管路。
3、进水电磁阀驱动电路故障,造成电磁阀无法正常开启,水无法注入管路。
4、可能是排水开关损坏,使开关闭死不动,水无法排出。
5、可能是排水口堵塞,排水口内部有异物造成排水口严重堵塞而无法排水。
6,容器内的水位传感器,将感受到的水位信号传送到控制器,控制器内的计算机将实测的水位信号与设定信号进行比较,得出偏差,然后根据偏差的性质,向给水电动阀发出"开""关"的指令,保证容器达到设定水位。进水程序完成后,温控部份的计算机向供给热媒的电动阀发出"开"的指令,于是系统开始对容器内的水进行加热。到设定温度时。控制器才发出关阀的命令、切断热源,系统进入保温状态。洗衣机水位传感器损坏的原因:导管破裂、入嘴与导管连接处漏气、内部隔膜穿孔、触点接触不良等。洗衣机水位传感器坏了会引起进水不良,有的洗衣机可能会引起脱水不良故障。
脱水异常
这种情况一般要检查;洗衣机甩水不平衡导致保护,吊杆、防撞开关都有可能出故障。显示故障代码的诊断方法,显示故障代码,维修并不难,一般情况下出现故障代码,应该检查安全开关,排水电机,控制板等。
1、洗衣机不工作则会显示“dE”“dE1”“dE2”,出现这种情况,应及时检查洗衣机的上盖或者机器门有没有关好。如果是波轮式,则将上盖关好,机器会自动恢复正常。滚筒式的话则检查衣物是否均匀放置在内筒里面,避免有衣物夹在门缝中,并确认门已关严,再次试机。
2、洗衣机显示e1,若是出现这类代码表示洗衣机排水超时,应及时检查洗衣机排水管是否被堵。
3、洗衣机显示H,若出现这种情况,一种是脱水安全门开关坏了,建议更换。第二种则是脱水电路异常。
故障排除
确认好故障点之后,就是针对性的去处理故障问题,不同的故障利用或修或换的方式进行排除,海尔洗衣机为例,具体方法如下:
解决方法
进水量未达到设定水位时就停止进水
1、可能是水压开关水位控制弹簧预压缩量变小,需要调节螺钉,增加水位控制弹簧的预压缩量,这个比较好解决。
2、若是水位控制弹簧弹力变小或失去弹性,那就需要更换水位控制弹簧,注意它的型号要相同。
进水量必须超过设定水位较多后才会停止进水
1、应该是水压开关集气室,容易导致气接嘴有堵塞或漏气的问题,先清洁导气接嘴处杂物,以后定期检查。
2、若使用时间比较长。导气软管出现老化扭结或破裂漏气,需要更换导气软管。
程序进入洗涤状态时,电机转动正常,但波轮不转
1、遇到这样的情况,直接检查电机皮带轮,离合器带轮和波轮的紧固情况,若有螺钉松动,滑丝或断裂,请对应的工具对它进行检修。
2、若是三角皮带打滑或脱落,需要在调大电机和离合器距离,并在三角皮带上擦些松香粉,增大它的摩擦。
洗涤时脱水桶跟转
1、一般是制动带松脱,让制动带对脱水轴的制动力矩减小,先关闭电源,然后让它重新安装好。
2、也可能是制动带严重磨损或损坏,可先通过旋转调节螺钉,然后适当的调节,增加制动带对脱水轴的制动力矩。
洗涤时,电机正反向运转正常,而波轮只能单向反转,不能正转
1、根据使用的经验来看,离合器工作位置不到位时,方丝离合簧不能被拨松,让洗涤轴和脱水轴被离合簧抱紧;脱水轴在洗涤状态下被制动带抱紧。
2、当离合器皮带轮以顺时针方向运转时,不能让波轮转动,当离合器皮带轮逆时针方向反转时,离合器方向离合簧旋松方向,需要适当的调节螺钉,让棘爪拨叉和制动杆间隙处于一个正常范围。
排水速度变慢
1、当洗衣机的排水速度变慢,可能是排水阀内部有杂物或排水软管弯折变形,既然已经知道了原因,先清除排水阀内杂物,保持软管畅通。
2、若排水拉杆和橡胶阀门间隙变大,要适当调小排水拉杆和橡胶阀门的间隙,避免出现异常问题。
3、排水阀内弹簧太长或失去弹性。只要更换内弹簧即可。
排水不净
1、自己推测是水压开关性能不良或空气管路漏气,让集气室内空气压力变小,盛水桶内水位没有下降到规定位置,水压开关触点便提前动作。
2、想办法找到空气管路漏气位置,然后用401胶密封,若水压开关损坏,尽快更换水压一个相同型号的开关。
维修完毕
排除故障后,检查机体是否恢复正常使用,最好是使用一次,全程下来看看,是否还存在类似的问题,如果没有,说明维修完毕了,反之就需要进行重新进行以上步骤。
洗衣机维护
俗话都说,洗衣机三分用七分养,维修之后更是需要保养维护。维修之后,需要做的维护如下:
机体
可以用柔软布及温和的洗涤剂(如厨房用洗涤剂和肥皂水)清洁机体。
注意:不要直接向机体淋水;不要使用去污粉、稀释剂或含有酒精或煤油的产品。
窗玻璃及窗密封垫
洗衣机每次使用结束后,清除窗密封垫上的物件;擦去窗玻璃及窗密封垫上的线屑及污垢;适时打开机门进行通风。
洗涤剂盒
洗涤剂盒需要定时清洗,避免洗涤剂残留并滋生出霉菌。
1、按压洗涤剂盒,弹开后再向外拉出。
2、按下中间凸起部即可安全拉出。
3、用双手大拇指如图小箭头方向适当用力扩张,同时大拇指向上推出柔软剂盖子,将其从洗涤剂盒中取出。
4、用水将残留的洗涤剂洗去,然后用布将洗涤剂盒上的水擦干净。
5、柔软剂盖子下压到洗涤剂盒的原本位置。确认两边及后侧的卡爪均到位,然后通过插入的方式装回洗涤剂盒。
排水过滤器
建议至少每个月清洁一次排水过滤器。过滤器会堆积线屑,使排水不畅。
1、关闭电源并拔下电源插头。
2、按压前盖板B右侧,打开前盖板B,放置一个容器以接收排出的水。
3、拉出泵软管,拔下管塞使水流出。
4、在水全部排出后,将排水过滤器逆时针转动旋开。然后往外拉出。(松开排水过滤器要小心。可能会有更多水排出。这是正常现象。)
5、清除上面的毛绒及线屑。
6、回排水过滤器。
7、将管塞塞回泵软管中,装回原位置,关闭前盖板B。
8、注意:排放热水时务必小心;排水过滤器务必顺时针转动旋进到位,否则将造成漏水,并导致前盖板无法正常关闭。
进水阀过滤网
定期取下进水管,清除过滤网上的污垢。
为防止溅水,取下进水管前,请按以下步骤进行。
1、关闭水龙头。
2、按下电源键打开电源。
3、按下一键智洗。
4、1分钟后关闭电源。水已从进水管中排出。
5、拧松进水管将其取下。
6、使用牙刷来的小刷子,清洁洗衣机背面的进水阀过滤网。
7、重新连接进水管,打开水龙头,检查是否漏水。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"家里要购买洗衣机的话,就要注意做好保养工作,避免洗衣机出现故障,影响了使用。洗衣机在使用中出现故障要及时查找原因并进行维修。市面上常见的洗衣机(海尔,美的等品牌)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnUS3WufAHFP9qKhgbGCvih"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机零件介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GUyodCqiAoWyUoxAp1ic9ef2nag"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电机和电容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P6Ykd46CKouQ60x44khcOxAJnUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电机是发动力,可驱动渡轮完成衣服的洗涤和脱水。电容一般洗衣机是用单项电容起动式,主要作用是增大电动机的启动力矩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmcMd8SEyosMs0xULdscQpo3nfg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":371,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电机和电容","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5cba235141e048b2b667cc83dca394ab","width":590},"text":"","id":"ZUQ8dkW2yo2K2yxI73Fc8YNinKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"程序控制器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeG6dQ6sgoWmUExiisIcEfQgndd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简称程控器,是控制洗衣机系统的中心部件,整个洗衣机的操作都是由程控器来支配的,它的结构较为复杂,有机械式(电机式)和电脑式(电子式)之分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6KadwkkQoYY86xkjIMcDBf5n3d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":415,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"程序控制器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2e9643eb44dc468c891e2c9a4f1406b0","width":893},"text":"","id":"Is0adqE6IoEWoYxCLSDcXDEcnnw"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水位开关","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K6yEdmSkookuI8xy4gec6N8jnye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为控制水量,还设计水位开关。水位开关一般有3-4档,使用时可按衣服量选择水位,当达到指定水位时,水位开关会将电磁进水阀的电路切断,从而停止进水。之后,在通过程控器,将电机电路接通,开始洗涤工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SqkadGYscooMecxATSIcauySnkg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":417,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水位开关","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae4987ba95734e9092bcc3c20aac3837","width":770},"text":"","id":"ZOkodyIcSoswCmxKcGacII99nJh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全开关","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UQcodsYI6oamUAxA5WZcMEstnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它主要是起到安全保障的作用,当洗衣机的盖子被打开,洗衣机就会停止脱水工作,会把电源切断,还会把电磁铁的电路处在刹车状态,这样保证了使用的安全性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCgmdK8iqoeMCmxcKtSc4vPunUa"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":367,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安全开关","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/955fe2dedc8545229c7415a3e8b05a9f","width":709},"text":"","id":"AWcCdgK6UoSMAOxIBOTcnbycnZb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电磁进水阀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UGiIdyi0yoM4MmxKPxLce6FJnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电磁进水阀位于洗衣机上罩的后部,是为洗衣机进水的自动控制系统而设计的。当需要进水时,程控器将它的电路接通,可以打开进水通道,向洗衣机内注水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E48GdY6gcos4uUxyuWCc2Kx1ngh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电磁进水阀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ea46f5e819f4cfdb00a6f7d597c4708","width":516},"text":"","id":"UakYduauooaG4UxE9x7cNHRTnNe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电磁铁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIEMdwSCqogGcqxYTSycCWVvnpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与排水阀连接在一起,用于排水阀开启和关闭,主要作用是通过刹车带抱紧或放松脱水轴,完成脱水准备和刹车工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EMyed8sEeom2O8xO6tocfslUnrh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":275,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电磁铁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8e0429401c364f7c924ecb06fd9666cb","width":500},"text":"","id":"Vi8MdIM04osUu2xWYdDcDqVtnGh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机故障","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ra46dWQOcoKyqOx6zRycc4XfnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过洗衣机不同的情况表现,甄别出具体的故障点出在什么地方。判断出洗衣机故障后,在对症下药,具体对应故障如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SqGIdqKA4oKE2oxEzR4cp1mZn7e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"不进水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HseAdAOe2ocYMOxQHOIca3FSnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进水阀线圈短路引起线圈骨架变形,使铁芯始终封闭泄压孔,引起进水阀不进水;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McaCd8oGsoU06wxaMFycYbwanTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、铁芯弹簧生锈,使铁芯不能上、下移动,始终封闭泄压孔,引起进水阀不进水;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XImKdEU8yooI4mxOKeVcNFhunic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、泄压孔被堵(如沙子、异物等),使控制腔内水无法流出,于是控制腔内的静压力迅速升。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CQ2Eds8WsoegEcx42zUcowVQnpc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"脱水无力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HoSadWM22oqQiKx8zBJc9bjyn1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、皮带松弛,磨损拉长,使皮带运转打滑无法带动脱水桶运转,引起脱水无力;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CqqAd6mKeokewCxwvNPcD2ZBn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、离合器方线扭簧磨损直径变大生锈,使方线扭簧无法抱紧脱水轴带动脱水桶正常运转,引起脱水无力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rwomdqym4o4gUAx4RbVcQJvrnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电容损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTOvXvKqxRL0VY8OCQbRaRa"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电容损坏一般会易引起洗涤,脱水无力,电机不转动","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EOu8dOUkGoyGW8xkE2jccj24nlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":338,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电容损坏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48905fd9a3074c849aa566c04019eede","width":450},"text":"","id":"doxcn9Oiavv4lT47kFbOa1M0qjq"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"离合器损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5hGPYbAYK08gLJlJ9ffnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机出现脱水声音大,脱水无力,只能单向反转,不能正转,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"离合器抱簧坏的情况出现。当衣服","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"少的情况下机器能够保证有一个比较高的初速度使得机器尽快高速旋","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"转起来。而衣服多","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"了以后机器没法产生一个较高的初速度从而使得洗衣桶摆动变大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKpkNXSqgXMMCSvP45hGCid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":302,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"离合器损坏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f982519b5b2f497991b4c778a9b8f9a7","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnXb3737BBnoiMcbxQ7xqKRd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"控制板损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSUQLeRaoYLdjB35G3aBMHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机控制板损坏会出现电机无法转动,不脱水和","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"不进水等故障","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoHOtx6ujabP31CpP03yAbg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":262,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"控制板损坏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b58edd17ebe94e2eba830ddc3fa2d2f1","width":479},"text":"","id":"doxcnXzd0A0wlYBOa7WLRIeiUxf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电机损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9lfgoeRhuzPYSfhSR54tPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电机正常值应为4.5~5.1kΩ。洗衣机甩干桶电机的阻值一般是主绕组为65到95欧。副绕组为110到200欧。洗衣机的额定电压是200V,即洗衣机在电压时220V才能正常工作,洗衣机的洗涤时的额定功率是360W,即洗衣机在220V时,洗涤的功率是360W,洗衣机的最大工作电流为5A。洗衣机主要是在水位开关与电磁进水阀之间的调控进行进水跟排水的的,在一定的情况下,排水跟排水以及电机开关,可以实现自动化的控制,水位开关说白了就是一个压力开关而已。然后洗衣机的气室入口与洗衣机的衣桶是相互连接的。具体阻值还得依机型来定,详情请看洗衣机说明书。选用电阻时常有阻值选择的问题,往往遇到选用的阻值是不常用电阻,或特殊阻值很难制造的贴片、插件电阻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhtI6Am9QYnUjfjW20Wm7De"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":412,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水电机损坏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c12bad1b93642138748c2dac1d31942","width":562},"text":"","id":"doxcnOSXclkZfdVzbJH6U2aDHG8"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皮带松","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVb4y7QKPSOFLg1Cz91DTJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"造成洗衣机皮带松掉的主要是以下原因:1、皮带受潮。2、皮带使用时间过长导致受损。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnrxI7yFAMnnGu8ZbxnOAZHd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":279,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皮带松","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b9ad2021312e4a5db2cb4a73e43462e1","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcnc1mIOAiOXxXC99xJi64Zy9"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"放水异常","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9QRfQBcWlXkfSLIFaoOfTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进水电磁阀损坏,造成水阀不工作水无法进入管路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAVWv3AoYwRmxWNsMqlII0b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":349,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"放水异常","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc4dfb4968745a6b7bcc2b9d751562f","width":359},"text":"","id":"doxcn7LX4fG8U8Ln0wgLYBOv7Cf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、进水电磁阀连接线断,使电磁阀无驱动电压而不工作最终水无法进入管路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIVMwQWm4VIGVf7F90bbqzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、进水电磁阀驱动电路故障,造成电磁阀无法正常开启,水无法注入管路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNKI9pyN7WJngl40UPVmkyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、可能是排水开关损坏,使开关闭死不动,水无法排出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDKGYnfhpR44rZp0iXAHje9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、可能是排水口堵塞,排水口内部有异物造成排水口严重堵塞而无法排水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnf9Q8MqcVXspYVg1rS6c76d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6,容器内的水位传感器,将感受到的水位信号传送到控制器,控制器内的计算机将实测的水位信号与设定信号进行比较,得出偏差,然后根据偏差的性质,向给水电动阀发出\"开\"\"关\"的指令,保证容器达到设定水位。进水程序完成后,温控部份的计算机向供给热媒的电动阀发出\"开\"的指令,于是系统开始对容器内的水进行加热。到设定温度时。控制器才发出关阀的命令、切断热源,系统进入保温状态。洗衣机水位传感器损坏的原因:导管破裂、入嘴与导管连接处漏气、内部隔膜穿孔、触点接触不良等。洗衣机水位传感器坏了会引起进水不良,有的洗衣机可能会引起脱水不良故障。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHDrzmlSYQI1pgDASg0OQ2b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":455,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"放水异常","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63548116c7334b8e9432a84289fa6fb8","width":718},"text":"","id":"doxcnpH5APQPZiT38XRWxWQglGb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"脱水异常","id":""}],"tex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隙处于一个正常范围。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ToGMdYg4qo8Simxw5vPc9YzenQh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":426,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤时,电机正反向运转正常,而波轮只能单向反转,不能正转","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/afff38fca8a44c96bffae157571a0c59","width":568},"text":"","id":"doxcn2MY5tG1e3GUm4OtztEfFSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水速度变慢","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng6eixdUhbwC5mMagETWC5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、当洗衣机的排水速度变慢,可能是排水阀内部有杂物或排水软管弯折变形,既然已经知道了原因,先清除排水阀内杂物,保持软管畅通。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IW2YdAYWQo6mGExWAh9cQ1Nvntf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、若排水拉杆和橡胶阀门间隙变大,要适当调小排水拉杆和橡胶阀门的间隙,避免出现异常问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiOOdgkI8ocwewx0cpwcn7Usn2D"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、排水阀内弹簧太长或失去弹性。只要更换内弹簧即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkwEd4yO4oiCM0xWEddcvtCAnGd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":386,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水速度变慢","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/35583a3e20e54ffa80200ee3cd67f961","width":599},"text":"","id":"doxcn1rDv7r8fet53EnFLlytFvg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水不净","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMRL1RCKaCP5WgIkGuoanIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、自己推测是水压开关性能不良或空气管路漏气,让集气室内空气压力变小,盛水桶内水位没有下降到规定位置,水压开关触点便提前动作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XOCadAmwGoGeC0x4y0CcSZkznWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、想办法找到空气管路漏气位置,然后用401胶密封,若水压开关损坏,尽快更换水压一个相同型号的开关。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XOUodiuSQoS6KqxGKEOc8M2ln0f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"维修完毕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni5GIacVbBalOJNG7YCbxzX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排除故障后,检查机体是否恢复正常使用,最好是使用一次,全程下来看看,是否还存在类似的问题,如果没有,说明维修完毕了,反之就需要进行重新进行以上步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMxxY8tmEnquzcujZiAtxRc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1346,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"维修完毕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/254880c68338404b9ea4ee391d4ee710","width":1440},"text":"","id":"doxcn3l5jrKDSX1TtTSKpWhKBug"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机维护","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9ZxgIT2cA3hkWSE4LkhD4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"俗话都说,洗衣机三分用七分养,维修之后更是需要保养维护。维修之后,需要做的维护如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWIlUSU43wDzmVeoUJHo7mb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"机体","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiAYrfQYV69WqHl8qFmzwE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以用柔软布及温和的洗涤剂(如厨房用洗涤剂和肥皂水)清洁机体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMRLsZOwG3Q8ShP8IOEn9ee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:不要直接向机体淋水;不要使用去污粉、稀释剂或含有酒精或煤油的产品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJtZrFJcu49mGkwF9dkcuRb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗玻璃及窗密封垫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOvQh6X7MT9SzTOBkQNSrLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣机每次使用结束后,清除窗密封垫上的物件;擦去窗玻璃及窗密封垫上的线屑及污垢;适时打开机门进行通风。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntfgEcutqowXB8wCfSFej1d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhf9WKMeBTIOrKHHA5bpwzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒需要定时清洗,避免洗涤剂残留并滋生出霉菌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHwgjUIbQ0X5g8CU3HcoFoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、按压洗涤剂盒,弹开后再向外拉出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWfpVTi1YwP9G1GtqYRvjte"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":494,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/14da0317ba324881962c603646aaaf53","width":623},"text":"","id":"doxcnoeTZzNj810jliV6Lht16Re"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按下中间凸起部即可安全拉出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZbKpFKqbavHMRf5iNIMEpQ"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":437,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ab31e31417eb49ce95f24c29ccc972dd","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcn3Hwl6y0tGOklG4tGL8qUzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、用双手大拇指如图小箭头方向适当用力扩张,同时大拇指向上推出柔软剂盖子,将其从洗涤剂盒中取出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbUfZJNlIvJu9CFad5Fs1yb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":374,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗涤剂盒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2154914b7c0e45ae96450f7c0110f6b9","width":608},"text":"","id":"doxcnFmO2kDrFaTghMLxuGiDUre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、用水将残留的洗涤剂洗去,然后用布将洗涤剂盒上的水擦干净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVSFcRngTqRnKMpGtJuHjIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、柔软剂盖子下压到洗涤剂盒的原本位置。确认两边及后侧的卡爪均到位,然后通过插入的方式装回洗涤剂盒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLWL7yI0qCMuttoPAA84gIH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeKNs4zRr2XdlV8jEczEgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建议至少每个月清洁一次排水过滤器。过滤器会堆积线屑,使排水不畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSKd3B8LWzbJvcpeSNygO0r"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、关闭电源并拔下电源插头。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0JRqa9mILkpIQS4OLMuakf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按压前盖板B右侧,打开前盖板B,放置一个容器以接收排出的水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna4lpk4Vev0nHhYRtXoAqUd"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":362,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb718bfecc74449fa21dc64c9b0f56af","width":574},"text":"","id":"doxcnceByNzQubDiMHx5scd0Cjd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5f6ac66f201e4f7fb84900e40cb8e997","width":578},"text":"","id":"doxcno2blB77ezPs8h2bqaaCPYf"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCIF2BhFmFQEtJFeynXNcIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、拉出泵软管,拔下管塞使水流出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCIF2BhFmFQEtJFeynXNcIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6aaf9d5af10a4d4787b4dda98a8ad4c4","width":575},"text":"","id":"doxcnkbr7IbRxLy3Ad9kzvnhFre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、在水全部排出后,将排水过滤器逆时针转动旋开。然后往外拉出。(松开排水过滤器要小心。可能会有更多水排出。这是正常现象。)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYZBMrKgxrKhzn7whAVSS0e"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":340,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f6c9bd73dab14633a7971e2993ec00a5","width":576},"text":"","id":"doxcnWNh2OeNbGx9WHYRjhOravg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":399,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水过滤器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0c12664389f541749e88325cfdea0913","width":579},"text":"","id":"doxcnDwwdJrBek4NbUBVAxBAbIh"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhN12wgEV5qax9ZweKqDYqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、清除上面的毛绒及线屑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhN12wgEV5qax9ZweKqDYqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、回排水过滤器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLvCbwwcdtyLh8WGMQd4X3u"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、将管塞塞回泵软管中,装回原位置,关闭前盖板B。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9OR0rxjnW6kFuIFc0W3xzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、注意:排放热水时务必小心;排水过滤器务必顺时针转动旋进到位,否则将造成漏水,并导致前盖板无法正常关闭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEtplZWsuPTASPh8G8wWzzf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"进水阀过滤网","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSeccBbfzBbJVf3fcecq8Pd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"定期取下进水管,清除过滤网上的污垢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOrfaOTmiCcxIerqZCKIMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为防止溅水,取下进水管前,请按以下步骤进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndI75WRHmvbGi4KQEi9nzvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、关闭水龙头。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaAOpW9z3rJRaZmKDaJ76ae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按下电源键打开电源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQliQpMfiMfiRqEaa8KEFqn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、按下一键智洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntMCIvbcyNq223dEVQpDCqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、1分钟后关闭电源。水已从进水管中排出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsRLfyZLvmfnR56eEHP0Jnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、拧松进水管将其取下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IhKZdfSizul90KdVwiK1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、使用牙刷来的小刷子,清洁洗衣机背面的进水阀过滤网。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxTB5uKgQgTbRo6e8k0aC9e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":426,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"进水阀过滤网","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a65f0fb52055461cbb88a381e7f11f85","width":729},"text":"","id":"doxcnhlUJX1OFExIiaeBZ5Q2xZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、重新连接进水管,打开水龙头,检查是否漏水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTqDo8RD2rmTNNj6F0isMUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLvn8so61EOV2N57YHqvCQd"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E4. mk厂的好还是gs的厂表好
a203mk表示k个a203m,203gs表示s个203g。
5. 万国表zf厂和mk厂哪个好
万国7750机芯瑞士机芯。
万国7750机芯是属于Valjoux公司最著名的计时统芯,从问世到后来并入斯沃琪集团后边成为现在ETA7750。7750机芯的计时中最重要的零件--凸轮,它最大的特点就是零件少、耐用性高,用精密设计的连杆,由按把经连杆推动凸轮,凸轮再推动连杆启动或停止计时功能,
6. mks厂手表怎么样
塔吊证也叫做特种操作资格证,由住房和城乡建设厅颁发,有效期6年,2年要年审1次。报考塔吊证需要通过住房和城乡建设部门官方指定的网上进行报名或者通过认可的专门培训进行现场报名。
考试基本信息
报考条件
国家职业资格证书五级(初级)(具备下列条件之一者)
1、经本职业初级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。
2、在本职业连续见习工作2年以上。
国家职业资格证书四级(中级)(具备下列条件之一者)
1、取得本职业初级职业资格证书后,连续从事本职业工作1年,经本职业中级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。
2、取得本职业初级职业资格证书后,连续从事本职业工作3年以上。
3、连续从事本职业工作4年以上,经本职业中级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。
4、连续从事本职业工作6年以上。
5、取得经劳动和社会保障部门审核认定的、以中级技能为培养目标的中等以上职业学校相关专业的毕业证书。
国家职业资格证书三级(高级)(具备下列条件之一者)
1、取得本职业中级职业资格证书后,连续从事本职业工作2年以上,经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。
2、取得本职业中级职业资格证书后,连续从事本职业工作4年以上。
3、连续从事本职业工作9年以上,经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。
4、取得劳动保障行政部门审核认定的、以高级技能为培养目标的高级技工学校或高等职业学校相关专业的毕业证书。
5、取得本专业或相关专业大专以上毕业证书,经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。
6、取得本专业或相关专业大专以上毕业证书,连续从事本职业工作2年以上。
登陆中华人民共和国应急管理部(http://www.mem.gov.cn/),选择服务版块,点击全国安全培训考试信息管理平台(互联网),注册登陆。
报考时间&考试时间
驾驶员考试报名时间为:1月1日至12月31日,全年可随时报考。
科目介绍
危险源告知、高空坠落、物体打击
塔吊司机安全操作
1、操作人员应经培训考试合格取得“特种作业人员操作证”后,凭操作证操作,严禁无证开机,严禁非驾驶人员进入驾驶室内。
2、开机前应认真检查钢丝绳、吊钩、吊具有无磨损裂纹和损坏现象,传动联接部位螺钉是否松动,各部电器元件是否良好,线路连接是否安全可靠,传动部分、润滑部分是否正常,并进行空运转,待一切正常后方可使用。行走式塔吊作业前,检查轨道应平直,无沉陷,轨道螺栓无松动,排除轨道上的障碍物。
3、工作时应服从指挥,坚守岗位,集中精力,精心操作,严禁吊钩有重物时离开驾驶室,操作中做到二慢一快, 即:起吊、下落慢,中间快。
4、下降吊钩或吊物件时,如遇信号不明,发现下面有人或吊钩前面有障碍物时应立即发出信号,服从指挥人员信号指挥。
5、操纵控制器时,应从停止点转到第- -档,然后依次按级增加速度,严禁越档操作,提倡文明开机,开机时由慢到快,停机时由快到慢,机未停妥严禁变换行驶方向。
6、驾驶员必须服从指挥员的信号指挥,操作前应先鸣号后开机。
7、吊运重物应高于前进方向所有障碍物2米。
8、遇有下列情况严禁起吊:(1)起重指挥信号不明或乱指挥不吊;(2)超负荷不吊;(3)工作紧固不牢不吊;(4)吊物上有人不吊;(5)安装装置不灵不吊;(6)工件埋在地下不吊;(7)斜拉工件不吊;(8)光线阴暗看不清不吊;(9)小配件或短料盛过满不吊;(10)棱角物件没有采取包垫等护角措施不吊。
9、操作时发现塔吊工作不正常、安全装置失灵应立即停止操作,切断电源,汇报主管部门组织检修,待正常后使用。在高空修理必须戴好安全带。
10、下班前将吊钩提升到离臂杆顶端23米处,松开回旋机构制动装置,使其顺风源自有摆动。
起重指挥
1、起重指挥应有技术熟练、懂得起重机械性能的人员担任,指挥时应站到能够顾到全面工作的地点,所发出的信号应事事统一,并做到准确、洪亮、清楚。
2、严禁酒后指挥作业。80T以上的设备及构件,风力达五级时应停止吊装,遇到大雨、大雪、大雾或阵风达六级以上时,吊装也应停止。
3、所有人员严禁在起重臂和吊起的重物下面停留或行走。
4、有缺陷的卸甲、轧头严禁使用。
5、钢丝绳如有扭结、变形、断丝、锈蚀等异常现象,应降低使用标准或报废。
6、编结绳扣应使各股松紧一致, 编结部分的长度不得小于钢丝绳直径的五倍,并且不短于30cm,用轧头轧成的绳扣,轧头不少于三只。
7、腐朽木材不得做地锚使用,如发现有沟坑,地下管线等情况,应及时报告施工负责人采取措施。
考试日程安排
体检
在取得塔吊工作证之前,首先要前往安监部门线下申请。获得申请之后,进行体检确认是否具有塔吊的相关身体条件。体检地方可以选择当地的疾病控制中心或者正规医院,做完体检后,取得考试人员的健康证。
体检包括、视力、四肢。
相关材料
按照相关规定,从事塔吊行业的年龄规定为18岁~60岁之间。准备身份证、学历证明(毕业证)就可以了,拥有初中以上文化。
申请
拿着相关材料到当地的行政服务中心大厅找到安监局窗口进行报名,工作人员会给一张《特种作业安全技术培训考核申请表》,根据申请表上的要求,进行填写。
考试科目
理论考试:一百道题(选择加判断)
实操科目:倒桩加九项,九项抽选。
必考为:倒桩加移库、侧方位停车、半坡起步。
再抽选其它一项,例如百米加减档、压井盖、直角拐弯、起伏路、限速限宽门等。
路考(抽白天考或夜考,二抽一)
题型和分值
理论考试是笔试形式,实行百分制,六十分及格,考试时长为两个小时。一般理论考试不会太难,都是些基础知识。
实操考试满分100分,要70分及格,并且有一次当场补考的机会。
塔吊实操考试的规则是,在两分钟之内操作吊钩,从指定地点A落到指定地点B,视为考试合格。超时一分钟扣15分,超时两分钟扣30分,碰到障碍物扣15分。
合格标准
理论考试是笔试形式,实行百分制,六十分及格。
实操考试满分100分,要70分及格。
证书领取
塔吊证通过理论和实践操作考试成绩合格后,一般一个月左右出证。相关规定是特种作业操作证一般约为20天到30天左右取得操作证证书。
本人领取:需携带有效身份证件。
他人代领:需携带代领人及持证人有效身份证件。
邮寄领取:因疫情原因,许多考区推荐采取邮寄的方式发放,考生依照要求填写本人邮寄信息,证书到达一般需本人持身份证件进行领取。
各地领取方式略有不同,具体领取要求以当地发布通知为准。
备考方法
备考资料
有不少学员因为操作不熟练,考试超时导致不通过,所以有条件的学员还是要多多练习,实际动手操作,通过的几率才更大。
起重作业的培训要求和目标:
1.掌握蒸汽吊装时右手手柄控制吊钩升降的使用方法和安全注意事项。
2.掌握左手柄的使用方法和安全注意事项,以控制小钩在蒸汽提升过程中的升降。
3.掌握蒸汽吊车右手把的使用方法和安全注意事项,以控制吊臂的升降。
4.掌握左手柄的操作方法,控制蒸汽吊车的上部左右转动。
稳钩操作的训练要求和目标
1.掌握蒸汽吊车状态下稳定吊钩的安全操作程序和要领。
2.掌握蒸汽吊车吊挂时小钩的安全操作程序和要领。
3.掌握蒸汽起重机负载不同重量时起重臂的操作方法和要领。
掌握蒸汽吊装不同载荷时伸缩臂的操作方法和要领。
塔吊司机必须掌握基本的安全知识和技能
口诀
上塔前,听我言,罗嗦几句莫心烦。
莫带物,两手空,手脚利索身体轻。
有工具,装袋里,系牢绳索拔上去。
工具在你口袋装,攀爬掉落把人伤。
爬梯,步步停,一步登天不可能。
手抓稳,脚踩牢,不要老是往上瞧。
是多高,还是多高,慢慢攀爬莫心焦。
到塔顶,稍停,看看各处钢丝绳。
排列齐,无毛病,安全才能有保证。
驾驶室,一平米,档位开关加座椅。
虽然累,先莫坐,检查电源无差错。
安全帽,和手套,摘下放好下塔要。
坐在椅上,喘口气,鸟瞰楼群和工地。
前俯身,往下看,今天工人该咋干?
头略动,眼睛观,建材分别在哪边?
了然于胸心有数,有的放矢地走近路。
对讲机,伸手拿,高速指挥开始吧!
操作规范
塔吊司机应在得到地面的指挥信号后进行操作,而且操作前应当按响电铃,以提醒相关人员注意,塔机将要运行。
操作时应集中精力,随时观察吊钩的运行情况和位置,注意周围是否有障碍物存在。下班时,吊钩须升到最高障碍物以上。
要熟练掌握重物惯性作用,提前降速和停车。要会运用稳钩技术,就要学习惯性力产生原因的力学知识,灵活控制运行速度,准确对位,防止碰撞。
当塔吊下面有碰撞对象时,应提前升起吊钩避免相碰,因为惯性摆动难以控制容易发生碰撞。反之放吊钩时不能过低,以免吊钩摆动伤人。
当有人在塔机上进行维修作业时,严禁启动运行。
倒车移库的注意事项
倒车
车辆与底线平行(前轮回正,可看方向盘和左前轮是否正) ,车身距8号线80-100厘米为宜。
挂倒挡,松手刹,离合器慢慢抬到半联动,启动后压稳离合调整好车速,慢速向后倒车(左手单手打方向) ;回头向右后方观察车尾,当1、4杆即将重合时(20厘米左右,当车尾到达B库中心线时),逐渐向右打死方向。
确认车身右方能安全通过2号杆时,身体转至左边观察3、4号杆,并保持车尾与3号杆30厘米距离,当车尾即将入库时,迅速左打(根据不同情况回打)、适量修正,保持车身与3、4号杆平行。观察好车尾,随时注意左右修正方向,保证车轮与地面线距离为30cm左右。 当车身即将到达A库底线时,迅速停车(车上观察,视觉上车尾刚过4号杆,此时车尾刚好到达底线)。注意:第一次打死,早打点比晚打好,早打一点还可以回一把,晚打车过了就没法调整了。
移库
二进二退,将车丛车库底完全移进右库底,且除两库的中间共角线外,车辆的任何部位不碰线、不碰杆。
第一进(右左右) :
1、挂一挡,车起步后,立即将方向向右打死(2圈方向)。
2、当车头左前角对准前中杆时,立即将方向向左打死(4圈方向) 2号杆对准车头中部时,迅速向石回2圈方向(即方向回正)。
第一退(右左右):
1、换倒挡,起步后,迅速向右打死并保持。
2、当水槽对准3号杆时,迅速向左打死方向(4圈方向)。 (从左倒车镜观察,当左后轮接近两库中线时,迅速将方向向左打死)。
3、当车身与库中线平行时(从左倒车镜观察) ,迅速将方向向右回正,(2圈方向) 当身尾接近底线时,一下就行了。
技巧:第一次进道尽量多往右一些,这样第二次进退象征性调整。
第二进:起步后, 根据军身情况,适量往右打方向,再往左打方向,然后向右回正方向(通过三把方向,使车再向右平行移动一小块), 在车不碰前杆的距离,停车。
第二退:后退时,视车身、边线平行的情况,适度调整后,接近底线时,停车,此时车身不能出任何一条边线,四个轮应在B库各条线内。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊证也叫做特种操作资格证,由住房和城乡建设厅颁发,有效期6年,2年要年审1次。报考塔吊证需要通过住房和城乡建设部门官方指定的网上进行报名或者通过认可的专门培训进行现场报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYsgsaAGKAWYUGEVbiBLF0e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试基本信息","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkggAuU8w20UEGYp5OSNc6o"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6w2MwmSiE6g0WkDTpaHZ6e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家职业资格证书五级(初级)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(具备下列条件之一者)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngEq0mgS0UqQowfRWt4HWad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、经本职业初级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOoYUAokOOISmCBQmd4HIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在本职业连续见习工作2年以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6w4C6ayGa2GU0CrO5pTM8f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家职业资格证书四级(中级)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(具备下列条件之一者)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWeyOgqoQ2mCi2nqBU1sKVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、取得本职业初级职业资格证书后,连续从事本职业工作1年,经本职业中级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaQqM8iokyc22aszBx9nL9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、取得本职业初级职业资格证书后,连续从事本职业工作3年以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU6mee4a8kC8mmZKAyOVxCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、连续从事本职业工作4年以上,经本职业中级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnagSAiUC0mwGGWGiy4w42Ic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、连续从事本职业工作6年以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnew02I06GeeQMGeMeapxzSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、取得经劳动和社会保障部门审核认定的、以中级技能为培养目标的中等以上职业学校相关专业的毕业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqkcq2o64SOsu2zVxsR775e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国家职业资格证书三级(高级)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(具备下列条件之一者)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4A4YaowMqcSaD0IIFLvnI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、取得本职业中级职业资格证书后,连续从事本职业工作2年以上,经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnomYKyWwGgOK4KcWU51ZS9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、取得本职业中级职业资格证书后,连续从事本职业工作4年以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQYyiCmsoWYI8fViCq7Eugq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、连续从事本职业工作9年以上,经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniM4u2aoiGImYIJh0u1QUJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、取得劳动保障行政部门审核认定的、以高级技能为培养目标的高级技工学校或高等职业学校相关专业的毕业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyEWC4ayw0AI0uwA5FrqnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、取得本专业或相关专业大专以上毕业证书,经本职业高级正规培训达规定标准学时数,并取得结业证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniOCyCaAqIegcaCizkHGxug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、取得本专业或相关专业大专以上毕业证书,连续从事本职业工作2年以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWaMuuKw4AyeiMztHJnubqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"登陆中华人民共和国应急管理部(","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://www.mem.gov.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.mem.gov.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"),选择服务版块,点击全国安全培训考试信息管理平台(互联网),注册登陆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYok4eIgMCGgaqqOqJifNLh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":689,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国家职业资格证书三级(高级)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(具备下列条件之一者)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1981a4e10fb4123a1a5f59a59db61ad","width":1483},"text":"","id":"doxcny4KKOamIsMs0IZzeOzRvcg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":492,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国家职业资格证书三级(高级)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(具备下列条件之一者)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a8a16d09337740ff8c556af4409fd8be","width":1004},"text":"","id":"doxcnKGQqcUeQ4EAoEJo4Xijv6f"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iigCkEo8O2Ceu7FKerNTc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考时间\u0026考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iigCkEo8O2Ceu7FKerNTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"驾驶员考试报名时间为:1月1日至12月31日,全年可随时报考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC6SMsWIuWSemOKa3oEUIpd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk2SiuKiQUSCsoLhnx82UVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"危险源告知、高空坠落、物体打击","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wOASimGA0MeMAs9zBWgSV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊司机安全操作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMOGS24Q8CEQAa0s8hOvCzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、操作人员应经培训考试合格取得“特种作业人员操作证”后,凭操作证操作,严禁无证开机,严禁非驾驶人员进入驾驶室内。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oEa46cYEYWOump5ydcZRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、开机前应认真检查钢丝绳、吊钩、吊具有无磨损裂纹和损坏现象,传动联接部位螺钉是否松动,各部电器元件是否良好,线路连接是否安全可靠,传动部分、润滑部分是否正常,并进行空运转,待一切正常后方可使用。行走式塔吊作业前,检查轨道应平直,无沉陷,轨道螺栓无松动,排除轨道上的障碍物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny4gMIQocY6CeUKjlfwATT2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、工作时应服从指挥,坚守岗位,集中精力,精心操作,严禁吊钩有重物时离开驾驶室,操作中做到二慢一快, 即:起吊、下落慢,中间快。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE2aki2Sk0uwueuUdfkLykc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、下降吊钩或吊物件时,如遇信号不明,发现下面有人或吊钩前面有障碍物时应立即发出信号,服从指挥人员信号指挥。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwKceQEIkEMyglKs2W6MZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、操纵控制器时,应从停止点转到第- -档,然后依次按级增加速度,严禁越档操作,提倡文明开机,开机时由慢到快,停机时由快到慢,机未停妥严禁变换行驶方向。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8euwm0QIUc244EbmYTknSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、驾驶员必须服从指挥员的信号指挥,操作前应先鸣号后开机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4cGMIKciCsgaKUI4NSk9Tg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、吊运重物应高于前进方向所有障碍物2米。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UIOMOYm4YeoOcFc1wLYAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、遇有下列情况严禁起吊:(1)起重指挥信号不明或乱指挥不吊;(2)超负荷不吊;(3)工作紧固不牢不吊;(4)吊物上有人不吊;(5)安装装置不灵不吊;(6)工件埋在地下不吊;(7)斜拉工件不吊;(8)光线阴暗看不清不吊;(9)小配件或短料盛过满不吊;(10)棱角物件没有采取包垫等护角措施不吊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwACMqO0aYcGI1alVyou3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、操作时发现塔吊工作不正常、安全装置失灵应立即停止操作,切断电源,汇报主管部门组织检修,待正常后使用。在高空修理必须戴好安全带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncOQE2eIIcKmiUbSnNBh7Lc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、下班前将吊钩提升到离臂杆顶端23米处,松开回旋机构制动装置,使其顺风源自有摆动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne8Ue8C2004U8uSJtbn9Zxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"起重指挥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkAa8Ucm8kKA6yh1q4HiBW0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、起重指挥应有技术熟练、懂得起重机械性能的人员担任,指挥时应站到能够顾到全面工作的地点,所发出的信号应事事统一,并做到准确、洪亮、清楚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6MEkIuoM2Y8ECahXM54eCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、严禁酒后指挥作业。80T以上的设备及构件,风力达五级时应停止吊装,遇到大雨、大雪、大雾或阵风达六级以上时,吊装也应停止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYUYyyCwCEuiewP53v2m5ef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、所有人员严禁在起重臂和吊起的重物下面停留或行走。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuQgk0Was6WgcplkUGQHnjt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、有缺陷的卸甲、轧头严禁使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWGc6iaGgacIkCEyFGRXuHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、钢丝绳如有扭结、变形、断丝、锈蚀等异常现象,应降低使用标准或报废。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQcQIWGYokaukiucuQSVZ4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、编结绳扣应使各股松紧一致, 编结部分的长度不得小于钢丝绳直径的五倍,并且不短于30cm,用轧头轧成的绳扣,轧头不少于三只。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2Uag00CwUO0KitqieEcMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、腐朽木材不得做地锚使用,如发现有沟坑,地下管线等情况,应及时报告施工负责人采取措施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK6ay2q6YAKeG047MjUxuNc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试日程安排","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwSWsCEoQ8mSia2p1664nYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体检","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGycaIQ4WYGyIUZuz8tVEuc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在取得塔吊工作证之前,首先要前往安监部门线下申请。获得申请之后,进行体检确认是否具有塔吊的相关身体条件。体检地方可以选择当地的疾病控制中心或者正规医院,做完体检后,取得考试人员的健康证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSMksGyokQkE6GGqWksTFRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"体检包括、视力、四肢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyco6e0Yekeu06Xh91UYFMc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"相关材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniAagmmGIyScq4LCs4ejW5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按照相关规定,从事塔吊行业的年龄规定为18岁~60岁之间。准备身份证、学历证明(毕业证)就可以了,拥有初中以上文化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA4IwOce2eS2AEmUKf2Zudb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Y0EA6yaiQOeADQnatH4ne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拿着相关材料到当地的行政服务中心大厅找到安监局窗口进行报名,工作人员会给一张《特种作业安全技术培训考核申请表》,根据申请表上的要求,进行填写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIUg22EOoWW0S6pfNqJ4Kcc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw2OskgkWkamKcA9W9g0yXl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论考试:一百道题(选择加判断)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWk4Oci8wws0eM5bjbcVVRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实操科目:倒桩加九项,九项抽选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauoamw8Mac4IkR5zguVuwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"必考为:倒桩加移库、侧方位停车、半坡起步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnckWQoCCQc8WkiWillKWeSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"再抽选其它一项,例如百米加减档、压井盖、直角拐弯、起伏路、限速限宽门等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneQEyeS4GC04Ke8EmZmUhSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"路考(抽白天考或夜考,二抽一)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACsuWwYqAcCEX92BbyUteH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"题型和分值","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22qieMm0cGuuOWartH2hsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论考试是笔试形式,实行百分制,六十分及格,考试时长为两个小时。一般理论考试不会太难,都是些基础知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneQog2aQeOMi0kdibmudM9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实操考试满分100分,要70分及格,并且有一次当场补考的机会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0EeYQ4ioI4gyqEQGxf076L"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊实操考试的规则是,在两分钟之内操作吊钩,从指定地点A落到指定地点B,视为考试合格。超时一分钟扣15分,超时两分钟扣30分,碰到障碍物扣15分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniw00C0wIkY60whEOsiFPBf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"合格标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQS0YkCSsKQGq0YiXKLM8Le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论考试是笔试形式,实行百分制,六十分及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuSwkm4EYQge2GWU3qUe9sh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实操考试满分100分,要70分及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyQuO4KGmcUgOaE9dzbasWg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmu0YYGOweykbKjTNqozJF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊证通过理论和实践操作考试成绩合格后,一般一个月左右出证。相关规定是特种作业操作证一般约为20天到30天左右取得操作证证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8YG2WKc0iqkfWFQz4C5b2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本人领取:需携带有效身份证件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny4Q88su80a2O6Y0bJicmjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"他人代领:需携带代领人及持证人有效身份证件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniqaQc4CQCsAsSEKdiU01Ab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮寄领取:因疫情原因,许多考区推荐采取邮寄的方式发放,考生依照要求填写本人邮寄信息,证书到达一般需本人持身份证件进行领取。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS6aYUwYoIimIcBPYtTax9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各地领取方式略有不同,具体领取要求以当地发布通知为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoWOokAUacqkMhECrh88gh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMY0WqcW8ai4Gknwpy2hllg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncKwiSECea0uW8v3eJ7u3yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有不少学员因为操作不熟练,考试超时导致不通过,所以有条件的学员还是要多多练习,实际动手操作,通过的几率才更大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncCyU2ey42Y6sYhxTroADze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"起重作业的培训要求和目标:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw4CGKAk0CCmcOsHNxzQlhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.掌握蒸汽吊装时右手手柄控制吊钩升降的使用方法和安全注意事项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm4SOa0iuUAUwZIprxz09hi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.掌握左手柄的使用方法和安全注意事项,以控制小钩在蒸汽提升过程中的升降。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQCmeCgwEqmA46SdAOi3LKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.掌握蒸汽吊车右手把的使用方法和安全注意事项,以控制吊臂的升降。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncSKU2Q6k2SoyYpCHDuMEBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.掌握左手柄的操作方法,控制蒸汽吊车的上部左右转动。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8sMuWUOIkcsIYphEzN0dBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"稳钩操作的训练要求和目标","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyIYuoAsUow0gNcSKuIook1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.掌握蒸汽吊车状态下稳定吊钩的安全操作程序和要领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kUIwICimKamy8MXvSPMbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.掌握蒸汽吊车吊挂时小钩的安全操作程序和要领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni6CKUOWwAkGEOegNDX5q4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.掌握蒸汽起重机负载不同重量时起重臂的操作方法和要领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkESkkqWqOGkEWERC5Lzxge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握蒸汽吊装不同载荷时伸缩臂的操作方法和要领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACyIco2Mse0OKWULBxhWqk"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊司机必须掌握基本的安全知识和技能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUya2aia68yOQK5pLdUuSR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"口诀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4muY4goIay48oJyTsKv5yb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上塔前,听我言,罗嗦几句莫心烦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwoSAOUO4MmcYT4hwg3Wph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"莫带物,两手空,手脚利索身体轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAeMOkisWkIco6RlrEkUzLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有工具,装袋里,系牢绳索拔上去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmIgUW2WOQI6iCYmHGPRN0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具在你口袋装,攀爬掉落把人伤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw20S4u0IemYAXYa4yOIZO5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"爬梯,步步停,一步登天不可能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniGMAWWoGE6uMMFih2Ed3fg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手抓稳,脚踩牢,不要老是往上瞧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyuwWu2Uye8wQMTNs6glMte"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是多高,还是多高,慢慢攀爬莫心焦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM2ke0io8MOaaUfxsbsusCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"到塔顶,稍停,看看各处钢丝绳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnagYO8YeEw2IgTrSpGGlMEM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排列齐,无毛病,安全才能有保证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMcc8scsU2kmuSGBtbK8wmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"驾驶室,一平米,档位开关加座椅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOESUkYAcC8MiSsUV2rm3Ye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然累,先莫坐,检查电源无差错。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny4qS2uSCKA6sGKGl7Q389g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全帽,和手套,摘下放好下塔要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSgGmaemkW0eQO0Rts2MkLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐在椅上,喘口气,鸟瞰楼群和工地。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY6oQkOMySA4cQ5qNcaagDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前俯身,往下看,今天工人该咋干?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA4Gw0YmOKWwu8zdVFuXKHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"头略动,眼睛观,建材分别在哪边?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuq8wC0KqiuighydYrKBJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"了然于胸心有数,有的放矢地走近路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4yMYeMKQEOYMgX1FVe7zKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对讲机,伸手拿,高速指挥开始吧! ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGyq6MOWAOGOUeMcFHZnhRx"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"操作规范","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4gIiioWyImu0e4ZbCYm7vd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"塔吊司机应在得到地面的指挥信号后进行操作,而且操作前应当按响电铃,以提醒相关人员注意,塔机将要运行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqKm48KeouG2G6x3zNepJ8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"操作时应集中精力,随时观察吊钩的运行情况和位置,注意周围是否有障碍物存在。下班时,吊钩须升到最高障碍物以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQEEyWKcsa4s6dHaHNqdPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要熟练掌握重物惯性作用,提前降速和停车。要会运用稳钩技术,就要学习惯性力产生原因的力学知识,灵活控制运行速度,准确对位,防止碰撞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKEGQaMqk6ak6kt5TGp45Sh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当塔吊下面有碰撞对象时,应提前升起吊钩避免相碰,因为惯性摆动难以控制容易发生碰撞。反之放吊钩时不能过低,以免吊钩摆动伤人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno24CCAG04qAEsrgJSKwgac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当有人在塔机上进行维修作业时,严禁启动运行。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnikqwyIKUIka6alhlbaNBbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"倒车移库的注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna2mk8AkeqoKK4SGmzy7sWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"倒车","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8sqSuCUkyOaGaCWvzvtvRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"车辆与底线平行(前轮回正,可看方向盘和左前轮是否正) ,车身距8号线80-100厘米为宜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIYAyyI6G28gCEfZ83L1l8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"挂倒挡,松手刹,离合器慢慢抬到半联动,启动后压稳离合调整好车速,慢速向后倒车(左手单手打方向) ;回头向右后方观察车尾,当1、4杆即将重合时(20厘米左右,当车尾到达B库中心线时),逐渐向右打死方向。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqQqqIsWOcUaWecsCXnp1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"确认车身右方能安全通过2号杆时,身体转至左边观察3、4号杆,并保持车尾与3号杆30厘米距离,当车尾即将入库时,迅速左打(根据不同情况回打)、适量修正,保持车身与3、4号杆平行。观察好车尾,随时注意左右修正方向,保证车轮与地面线距离为30cm左右。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" 当车身即将到达A库底线时,迅速停车(车上观察,视觉上车尾刚过4号杆,此时车尾刚好到达底线)。注意:第一次打死,早打点比晚打好,早打一点还可以回一把,晚打车过了就没法调整了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOwOmIgcGiAKaO4gk0sMqXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"移库","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAyakYSAeg8oikRtQixaDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二进二退,将车丛车库底完全移进右库底,且除两库的中间共角线外,车辆的任何部位不碰线、不碰杆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0G2Cc2QqAU2oItnoKjF9Hg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一进(右左右) :","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno02k4mGgSCAGETfh9LYhZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、挂一挡,车起步后,立即将方向向右打死(2圈方向)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2GYWg2KKAQqmop8gZDzFvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、当车头左前角对准前中杆时,立即将方向向左打死(4圈方向) 2号杆对准车头中部时,迅速向石回2圈方向(即方向回正)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno628QiaG0O8KUwAtcDyRrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一退(右左右):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmy4eY0UYYww6Ss4nacMfud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、换倒挡,起步后,迅速向右打死并保持。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUKwAWmkyqAGEIz4y6c7x4C"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、当水槽对准3号杆时,迅速向左打死方向(4圈方向)。 (从左倒车镜观察,当左后轮接近两库中线时,迅速将方向向左打死)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneSG2cQYkwUK6usAxIuM1ne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、当车身与库中线平行时(从左倒车镜观察) ,迅速将方向向右回正,(2圈方向) 当身尾接近底线时,一下就行了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWYOwUuEO6a0QKouCGwqzfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"技巧:第一次进道尽量多往右一些,这样第二次进退象征性调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMMYeO2cMGyq8K4r11CHhCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二进:起步后, 根据军身情况,适量往右打方向,再往左打方向,然后向右回正方向(通过三把方向,使车再向右平行移动一小块), 在车不碰前杆的距离,停车。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsMGwwSmEeQUewd4EaiCHxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二退:后退时,视车身、边线平行的情况,适度调整后,接近底线时,停车,此时车身不能出任何一条边线,四个轮应在B库各条线内。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnakUqWIm4yUSKSOQIKjVdCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWk0CkAeUyCCiUbc3eZGPc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E